Elements of Scientific Research Lecture PDF

# Elements of Scientific Research - عنوان / Title - Introduction / المقدمة - Literature review / الدراسات السابقة - References / المراجع - Discussion / مناقشة - Statistics / احصائيات ## Scientific Writing Four general requirements must be met to produce good scientific research: ### 1. Clarity...

# Elements of Scientific Research - عنوان / Title - Introduction / المقدمة - Literature review / الدراسات السابقة - References / المراجع - Discussion / مناقشة - Statistics / احصائيات ## Scientific Writing Four general requirements must be met to produce good scientific research: ### 1. Clarity - Research must convey your exact meaning to the readers. - The text must be clear and unambiguous, mathematical symbols must be fully defined, and the figures and tables must be easily understood. - Clarity must be met from the reader's point of view: what may be clear to the author may not be clear to the readers. - Readers must never become uncertain about: - What you are discussing. - Why you are discussing it. Your presentation should be: Logical, Simple and Systematic. ### 2. Conciseness - Omit everything irrelevant to the results and conclusion. - Research quality is often inversely related to research length. - Readers will be interested in your conclusions and the supporting evidence and will want to get these as quickly as possible. - Give enough information to enable them to understand clearly your research. - Include all details needed to understand your research. ### 3. Continuity - Continuity between succeeding sentences, paragraphs, and sections and between the written text and the figures and tables. - Carefully choose the places at which you refer to figures and tables to limit distractions. (making these references at the beginning or end of a discussion is usually preferable). - All writing has a pace, sometimes slow, sometimes fast. A medium pace satisfies most scientific writing. - If a pace is too slow, the reader will try to anticipate the writer and may miss important bits of information. - If a pace is too fast, the reader will have to retrace his steps and slow down. ### 4. Objectivity - **Be honest:** - Evaluate the data honestly, no hidden meanings or subterfuge. - Do not try to hide deficiencies in your research. - Tell your readers honestly what your assumptions were, what your probable errors are, and what you may not understand about the results. - **Be tactful:** - If you are faced with the problem of presenting technical results that may conflict with previous results, avoid making dogmatic statements and avoid sounding egotistical.