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Questions and Answers

What was a significant electronic component introduced in the second generation of computers?

  • Vacuum tubes
  • Transistors (correct)
  • Integrated Circuits
  • Microprocessors
  • Which memory storage was commonly used in the second generation of computers?

  • Optical discs
  • Magnetic core and magnetic tape (correct)
  • Magnetic disks
  • Flash memory
  • What type of programming language was commonly used in the third generation of computers?

  • Assembly language
  • Structured programming languages like C and COBOL (correct)
  • Machine language
  • Low-level languages
  • How did user interaction change in the third generation of computers compared to the earlier generations?

    <p>Users used keyboards and monitors with an operating system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the advantages of transistors over vacuum tubes in computer hardware?

    <p>Transistors consume less power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant characteristic of first generation computers?

    <p>Use of vacuum tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which programming language was primarily used in first generation computers?

    <p>Machine language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common input method for first generation computers?

    <p>Punched cards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the size and speed of first generation computers?

    <p>They were large and slow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers?

    <p>Transistors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key difference between first and second generation programming languages?

    <p>Transition from machine language to symbolic language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a first generation computer?

    <p>ENIAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a feature of first generation computers?

    <p>Use of transistors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main electronic component characteristic of fifth generation computers?

    <p>Utilizes Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT associated with fifth generation computers?

    <p>Generating high levels of heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of artificial intelligence in fifth generation computers?

    <p>Creating intelligent systems that mimic human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology is expected to influence the development of future computers?

    <p>Quantum and molecular technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example is considered a fifth generation computer?

    <p>Smartphones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What processing method is used in fifth generation computers for improved performance?

    <p>Parallel processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of fifth generation computers contributes to their low power consumption?

    <p>High-density microchips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which input/output device is commonly associated with fifth generation technology?

    <p>Speech input systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which programming languages were developed during the third generation of computers?

    <p>FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant improvement in the fourth generation of computers compared to the third generation?

    <p>Development of microprocessor chips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about memory in the third generation of computers is true?

    <p>It primarily used large magnetic core memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes microprocessors in the fourth generation from previous generations?

    <p>They contain the CPU and memory on a single chip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electronic component was primarily used in the third generation of computers?

    <p>Integrated circuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of input/output devices utilized in fourth generation computers?

    <p>They incorporate pointing devices and optical scanning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a third generation computer?

    <p>IBM PC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What improvement in speed is noted for the fourth generation compared to the third generation?

    <p>Significant increase in accuracy and reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Computer Generations

    • First Generation (1940-1956): Computers used vacuum tubes for processing, magnetic drums for memory, and machine language for programming.
      • Input through punch cards and paper tapes, output via printouts.
      • Large in size, consuming significant power and generating a lot of heat.
      • Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC 1, IBM 650, IBM 701
    • Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, leading to smaller and more efficient computers.
      • Transitioned from machine language to symbolic language, like assembly language.
      • Lower power consumption, generating less heat than first generation computers.
      • Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107
    • Third Generation (1964-1971): Computers utilized integrated circuits (ICs), leading to further size reduction and greater processing speed.
      • Introduced high level programming languages such as FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, and C.
      • Users interacted via keyboards and monitors, with operating systems providing task scheduling and resource management.
      • Examples: IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, UNIVAC 1108
    • Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessor chips, containing thousands of ICs, were introduced, significantly increasing processing power and integration.
      • Object-oriented programming languages and domain-specific languages like SQL for database access were developed.
      • Increased processing speed, reliability, and reduced power consumption, along with smaller size and cost.
      • Examples: IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh
    • Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Focuses on artificial intelligence (AI), expert systems and robotics.
      • Utilizes ultra-large scale integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing, enabling complex tasks like natural language processing.
      • Continued advancements in quantum, molecular, and nano technology are expected to revolutionize computing in the future.
      • Examples: Smartphones, IBM Watson, Google Assistant, Self-driving cars

    Key Terms

    • Vacuum Tube: An electronic device used to control the flow of electrons in a vacuum.
      • Played a critical role in early computers, but were bulky, inefficient, and prone to failure.
    • Transistor: A semiconductor device that can amplify or switch electronic signals.
      • Key element in the transition to smaller, more efficient computers.
    • Integrated Circuits (ICs): Miniature circuits built on a semiconductor chip, containing many transistors and other components.
      • Revolutionized electronics, enabling smaller, faster, and more complex computers.
    • Microprocessor: A central processing unit (CPU) contained on a single integrated circuit.
      • Enabled the development of personal computers and other devices.
    • Artificial Intelligence (AI): The field of computer science that deals with the simulation and creation of intelligent machines.
      • Focus on enabling computers to learn, reason, and solve complex problems.

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