Lect1_Introduction to Cognitive Psychology PDF

Warning Cheating/copying/plagiarism in any form is prohibited in this class KMF 1023 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 80% attendanc...

Warning Cheating/copying/plagiarism in any form is prohibited in this class KMF 1023 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 80% attendance in class is required Lecturer: Norehan Zulkiply to allow you to sit for the final exam FSKPM Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Course Assessments eLEAP for KMF 1023 Case Study (20%) – 5 students in a group – You are to read 2 case studies and answer some questions about the cases URL: https://eleap.unimas.my Enter Enrolment key. Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Course Assessments Contents- Chapter 1: Introduction Coglab Experiments (30%) – 5 students in a to Cognitive Psychology group – Your group need to do 5 experiments of your Definition choice. – Cognition, Cognitive Psychology – For each experiment, answer 3 questions from the “basic questions” AND/OR the “advanced History questions” categories listed in your Coglab – introspectionism, behaviorism, Manual information processing era, cognitive science - Modern approach to studying the human mind – cognitive science Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 1  Cognition?? Latin word - cognitio = “to know” Definition Ability Acquire Store/ Manipulate/ information Use through Organise sensory input Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Everyday Cognition Everyday Cognition Cognitive aspects involved: Perception: Seeing, recognizing, hearing… Attention: selective focusing, not noticing most (and ‘irrelevant’) aspects. Memory: recalling facts, experiences, plans… Language: understanding & speech production Reasoning & problem solving: logical thinking, judgment, decision making… Note: All of these processes (and more) are involved even in this trivial example. Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology?? Complexity in cognition A branch of psychology interested in the scientific study of human cognition Cognitive processes are usually – Scientific = sound methodology + theory complex and hidden from view Cognitive Psychologists Example: the Stroop effect – Interested in questions about intelligence, learning, memory, problem solving and many other aspects of human cognition Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 2  Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Stroop Effect – harder to name the colors of the words than the colors of the rectangle The effect names of the words interferes with Which task was more difficult? the ability to name the colors of the words People can’t help paying attention to the words Why do you think it is more difficult? even though they weren’t asked too Some stimulus can affect our behavior by forcing themselves on our consciousness even if we are actively trying to ignore them It was difficult to ignore the automatic reading process Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 How did Cognitive Psychology begin? 19th century - Franciscus Donders (1868): History of Cognitive conducted the first cognitive Psychology psychology experiment Reaction Time Experiment -interested in how long it took for a person to make a decision Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 3  Simple reaction time vs choice Reaction time (RT) = time between the reaction time presentation of a stimulus and a person’s response to the stimulus Donders measured two types of reaction time X – simple reaction time vs choice reaction time Fix your eyes on the ‘X’ and press the space bar when you are ready for the test Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 How long it took to make a decision = The difference in RT between the simple and choice Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 conditions Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Why is Donder’s experiment The first Psychology lab important? 1879- Wilhelm Wundt set up the first laboratory of scientific psychology at Univ. of Leipzig. – Goal: study the mind scientifically – First cognitive psychology experiment Carried out RTs experiments, measured basic – Key principle in cognitive psychology: properties of the senses (e.g. vision and hearing) Mental response cannot be measured directly but must be inferred from behaviour (e.g., by measuring the reaction Develop a technique: analytic introspection time) – Trained people to describe their experiences and thought – A principle that holds not only for Donder’s expt. but processes in response to a stimulus presented under for all research in Cog Psych controlled conditions Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 4  Introspectionism Decline of Cognitive Psychology: A Chambers Dictionary…“introspection” new movement: Behaviorism intro + “specere” = inwards + to look at. To look into (esp. the mind) John Watson (received PhD in 1904 from Univ. self-reflection of Chicago): Observes what happens in the mind 1) dissatistifed with using introspectionism Report the observation Problems: - variable results for different people (Subjective) Wilhelm Wundt- made tremendous contribution to psychology - difficult to verify these results because they – Trained lots of PhD candidates, who then established are based on invisible inner mental processes Psychology departments at other universities in the U.S. – Many research was inspired by Wundt’s interest to understand mental functioning Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Behaviorism 2) Method : not introspection (mental Concerned with external behavior processes) but measurement of behaviour Not concerned with the working of the mind (inner mental processes) that underlay this behavior. 3) Topic: not consciousness but objective behaviour Behaviorist held that the scientific study of psychology must restrict itself to the study of observable behaviors and the stimulus conditions that control “Psychology should be based on more objective them. measures, and not subjective introspection” Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 20th Century- BF Skinner introduced Operant Conditioning (the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior) Pavlov Classical Conditioning How behavior can be strengthened by using positive reinforcement (pengukuhan) or withdrawal of negative reinforces 1. Prior to conditioning, Pavlov would ring a bell. No response from dog. (Since the meat naturally results in salivation, it is called unconditioned stimulus. 2. During conditioning, bell was rung several seconds prior to presenting dog with (Popular in America until the 1950s) food. 3. After conditioning, ringing of the bell alone produced salivation in the dog. The bell  conditioned stimulus, Salivation to the bell  conditioned response Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 5  Operant Conditioning Decline of Behaviorism Events associated with the decline of behaviorism (which lead versus to rebirth of interest in the mind): Classical Conditioning 1957- Skinner’s book Verbal Behaviour - language learning by imitation and reinforcement Operant Classical(Pavlovian) Conditioning Conditioning 1959/ 60’s- Noam Chomsky – Deals with the – Deals with the - Linguistic expert criticises Skinner. Disagreed that modification of conditioning of language can only be studied by imitation and explained according to reinforcement voluntary behavior behavior so that it -Chomsky studied language structures: through the used occurs under new of consequences antecedent e.g. “I hate you mom” (many children say sentences they conditions have never heard) e.g. “The boy hitted the ball” (use incorrect grammar that has never been reinforced) Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Decline of Behaviorism The Rise of the Information 1959/ 60’s- Noam Chomsky (continued) Processing Era Generativeness of language & rule-based errors (transformational The information processing era  a new approach focusing on grammar) how the mind processes information (introduced in the 1950s) => language development & competence being determined by Events that led to the development of the information processing universally inborn program that holds across cultures (Chomsky, approach to cognitive psychology: 1956) ‘Not only is Skinner’s account wrong, but a Behaviorist explanation – Cherry’s Attention Experiment (1953) cannot, in principle, ever account for language.’ (Chomsky, 1959) – First commercially available digital computer (1954) – M.I.T. & Dartmouth conferences (1956)  To understand complex cognitive behaviors, must also consider how the mind works. – Broadbent: Flow Diagram (1958) – Neisser’s first cognitive psychology book (1967) Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 – M.I.T. & Dartmouth conferences (1956) – Cherry’s Attention Experiment (1953) Newell and Simon described their logic theorist Used the Info. Processing approach program at 2 conferences (how to apply information theory to perception, language and thinking, and the Interested in determining how well can people pay design on the thinking machines) attention to some information when other information is presented at the same time. Findings: people can focus on one message and ignore They brought together researchers from many the other one that is presented at the same time – different fields who were interested in the study of introduce the way people process info. the mind The conferences were so influential that scientific – First commercially available digital computer historians have called 1956 the “birthday of cognitive (1954) science” IBM introduced the first digital computer to general public  Newel and Simon’s works focused on programming Simon and Newell obtained one of the computer and the computers to do tasks that are normally done develop a program called logic theorist (which was able to prove mathematical theorems) by humans (e.g., solving problems) Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 6 – Broadbent: Flow Diagram (1958) Noted that computers processed info. by – Neisser’s first cognitive psychology book transforming it through a sequence of stages (1967) Lots of experiment on perception, memory, attention, Began to apply similar principles to the study of language etc. were conducted between 1960-1970. mind Results were interpreted in terms of the flow of Introduced a flow diagram to represents what information within the mind – Evident that info. happens in the mind (e.g., of a person as he/she Processing approach worked directs attention to one stimulus in the environment, as in cherry’s experiment) More psychologists interested to using it. American psychologist evolved from being a behaviorist to cognitive one (info.processing era) The use of flow diagrams to depict the operations of the mind is notable and widely used today Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Information Processing Era : cognitive information processing The digital computer era => Logic theorist (Newell & Modern Approach to Simon, 1956) -programming the computer to do tasks Studying the Mind that are normally done by humans (e.g. problem solving) Introduced new techniques in studying issues related to the storage and manipulation of information Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Modern Approaches to studying Cognitive information processing ‘the mind’ The mystery: – How is the computer and the human Mind — [THE GAP] — Brain programme hardware memory similar? How to bridge the gap? One answer (or rather assumption/hope): multiple approaches & methodologies Cognitive Science Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 7  Modern Approaches to studying Example of a modern day approach to Cognition: ‘the mind’ Behaviour & Physiology Cognitive Science Davachi Mitchell & Wagner’s study (2003) – The interdisciplinary study of mind comprising psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, anthropology, education, Two modes of word processing, is it due to memory or to physiology? linguistics, and computer science Behavioural approach –measure behaviour & explain cognition in terms of behaviour Mind — [THE GAP] — Brain  (e.g. Donder’s experiment – he measured behavior (reaction time) and programme hardware explained his results in terms of behavior – the longer RT in the “choice” cond. is the extra time it takes to make decision) AI Neuroscience Physiological approach –measure BOTH behaviour and physiology and (repeat Donder’s experiment- measure reaction time as he did, AND measure a person’s brain activity as they respond to stimuli) We can approach the study of the mind in a number of different ways Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Example of a modern day approach to Cognition: Behaviour & Physiology Example (use fMRI): Purpose: To show how the type of task the participants did as they were learning the words affected their ability to remember the words later Experimental Procedures (1st day): -Participants to see a cue word first (either place or read), and followed by an adjective. -Seeing place meant that they were to create an image in their mind of a placed described by the adjective. (e.g dirty => garbage dump, quiet => library, wonderful => disneyland) -Seeing read meant they were to pronounce the word backward in their mind, (not out loud). (e.g happy => ip-pah, sad => das) Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Results: b) Physiological Results: a) Behavioural The relationship between how the The relationship between the participants reacted to the stimulus fMRI => semantic physiologically response processing and the & -The graph indicates the relationship between how the (place or read) and physiological remembering behavioral responseshowed (whetherpositive the participants reacted to the stimulus (place or read) during learning correlations person recognizedwith perirhinal or forgot the word)cortex response activity. and their performance in the memory test Memory is better if the How we process the Perirhinal cortex activity is activated when the word is being information in memory learned (as in “Place” task) affects our ability to recall. Key principle- using both behavioural and physiological meaningful task approaches result in a better understanding of human cognition then using either one alone easy-to- remembered-task Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 Cognitive Psychology – Chapter 1 8