Composition, Manufacture, and Properties of Portland Cement PDF

Composition, Manufacture, and Properties of Portland Cement AN OVERVIEW PRESENTED BY: DR. SEAN SARRAN Introduction  What is Portland Cement?  Importance in construction  Overview of presentation Historical Background  History of Portland Cement  Early developments a...

Composition, Manufacture, and Properties of Portland Cement AN OVERVIEW PRESENTED BY: DR. SEAN SARRAN Introduction  What is Portland Cement?  Importance in construction  Overview of presentation Historical Background  History of Portland Cement  Early developments and invention by Joseph Aspdin Composition of Portland Cement  General overview of chemical composition  Clinker and gypsum Gypsum is a mineral and is hydrated calcium sulfate in chemical form. During the cement manufacturing process, upon the cooling of clinker, a small amount of gypsum is introduced during the final grinding process. Gypsum is added to control the “setting of cement”. If not added, the cement will set immediately after mixing of water leaving no time for concrete placing. Main Ingredients in Portland Cement  Lime (CaO)  Silica (SiO₂)  Alumina (Al₂O₃)  Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) Minor Components in Portland Cement  Magnesium Oxide (MgO)  Sulfates  Alkalis The Four Main Compounds  Tricalcium Silicate (C₃S)  Dicalcium Silicate (C₂S)  Tricalcium Aluminate (C₃A)  Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C₄AF) Types of Portland Cement  Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)  Rapid-Hardening Cement  Low-Heat Cement  Sulfate-Resisting Cement Raw Materials for Cement Manufacture  Limestone (CaCO₃)  Clay  Other materials (iron, gypsum) Process of Manufacturing Portland Cement  Overview of manufacturing process  Introduction https://chemicalengineeringworld.com/cement-manufacturing-process/ Quarrying and Crushing  Extraction of raw materials  Primary crushing Raw Material Grinding  Dry vs. wet process  Grinding to fine powder Proportioning and Blending  Blending of raw materials in correct proportions Clinker Production (Pyroprocessing)  Rotary kiln operation  Clinkering reactions Cooling of Clinker  Clinker cooling and storage Cement Grinding  Grinding clinker with gypsum  Impact on final product properties Packing and Distribution  Storage and packaging  Cement distribution Properties of Portland Cement  Key physical and chemical properties  Fineness, setting time, strength Portland cement is a hydraulic cement, hence it derives its strength from chemical reactions between the cement and water. The process is known as hydration. Hydration of Portland Cement  Reaction with water  Stages of hydration Heat of Hydration  Exothermic reaction  Impact on large constructions Strength Development  Early strength vs. long-term strength  Factors influencing strength Durability of Portland Cement  Resistance to environmental factors  Role of supplementary cementitious materials Environmental Impact  Carbon footprint of cement manufacture  Efforts to reduce emissions Advances in Portland Cement Technology  Sustainable cement production methods  Use of alternative fuels Conclusion  Summary of key points  Importance of Portland cement in modern construction  Future outlook