Infection Control & Environmental Surveillance (Lecture 8)

Summary

This document presents lecture notes on infection control and environmental surveillance within a hospital setting. It discusses methods for recording, counting, and identifying hospital infections, along with the goals of surveillance, measures for identifying infection risks, and factors to consider when identifying causes of infection. The document also emphasizes the methods and data sources used for surveillance.

Full Transcript

49 ‫المحارضة‬ ‫المحارضة‬ ‫حضور‬ ‫حضور‬ ‫عن عن‬ ‫يغين‬...

49 ‫المحارضة‬ ‫المحارضة‬ ‫حضور‬ ‫حضور‬ ‫عن عن‬ ‫يغين‬ ‫يغين‬ ‫العمل ال‬ ‫العمل ال‬ ‫هذاهذا‬ Infection Control ‫هذا العمل ال يغين عن حضور المحارضة‬ 08 Environmental Surveillance ‫ جـ‬### :‫سعر الوجــــه‬ ‫ جـ‬### :‫سعر الوجهني‬ Environmental surveillance  Surveillance of hospital associated infections means recording and counting of infections arising in the hospital.  Surveillance is done so that we know the extent of any problems that exist.  There are various ways of recording and counting the number of hospital infections. ‫ بمعنى الهيئق الاي انا بر ن يرا هي‬environmental surveillance ‫ي محاضااااركنا هن كان عب الاااااااا‬ ‫ النرايدة إن شاااااء‬ hospital acquired infection or nosocomial infection or health care associated ‫المس بنى عبان الدي اكحكن ي الا ا‬ ‫ لالننكبااب الاي مونودة نوه المسا باانى ده بيساااعدني ي اكخا لرايات‬recording or counting ‫ ان انا اعمل‬infection ‫ عاى الحاالت المونودة‬quarantine ‫) الاي انا بس خدمه ي إني مثال اطهة نظام الااااا‬disinfectant( ‫ك يرة ندا ي كغيير اج‬ ‫عندي ي إني اخد لراي باا خدام مضاد حيوي معيب ي حاالت مقاومق الهك يريا لامضاد الحيوي الاي كنت بس خدمه‬ ‫ بمعنى اني اخاي المس بنى بيئق صالحق بحيث امنع ان باي العدوى‬ Goals of surveillance 1. To define endemic rates 2. To identify increases in infection rates 3. To identify specific risks 4. To inform hospital personnel of the risks of the cares or procedures they provide ‫ يعني مثال ناس مصااابيب بالهارايااايا بناللي الناس دوج مونوديب ي‬endemic rates ‫طيب انا ليه بعمل ده لو انا عندي مثال‬  ‫معاهد الكهد لو لقيت عدد الحاالت الاي بيحصاااارن اننكباااب بي يد ده معناه اني عندي مباااكاق ي كاهية المكا حق ب اعت‬ ‫ ده انرن ي عدوا‬infectious agent ‫الهارايايا ي الهاد دي انا هنا بهقى خاينق عاى المرضى الاي عندي الاي مش عندهن الا‬ outbreak of the ‫ عبان امنع ال ا‬environmental surveillance ‫مب الناس الاي بي ويوهن وحامايب لامرض عبان كدة بعمل‬ infection ‫ لحانق معينق‬risk factor ‫بعض المرضى الاي بيدخاوا عندي المس بنى بيهقى عندهن‬  pneumonia ‫ مثال ميننعش احارن ي ننس العنهر مع مرضى اصال عندهن‬pneumonia ‫زي الا‬  infection ‫ عاى األيض الزم يهاغوا الاا‬spilling ‫ لو هما مثال كانوا بيغيروا لسارة لبخص وحصل‬HCWs ‫والزم اكون معر ق الاا‬ .‫ عبان يحصل كنظيف وكارير األيض‬control committee  One is the clinical outcome of the patient’s stay in the hospital i.e. whether or not an infection arises in a patient as a result of their stay.  Information as to the site and severity of the infection and its relationship to any operative, investigative or treatment carried out can be recorded and related to the number of patients being treated.  There may be records of laboratory cultures or blood tests that would confirm that an infection is present. ‫ اني عندي مريض ناي ي اقى يعايق نوه المس بنى وحصاه عدوى هو كان‬hospital acquired infection ‫النكرة ب اعت الااااا‬  infectious agent ‫ناي اصال معندوش الا‬ ‫الزم يكون عندي معاومات عب مكان العدوى ومدى خاويكرا عبان الدي أكخذ اإلنراءات السايمق‬  ‫ لو ان برت يهقى بسهب إن البخص الاي بيغير القسارة بيغيرها باريقق غاط ده‬urinary tract infection ‫يعني مثال ي ال ا‬  ‫ ان باارت نوه العنهر ده معناه أن الممرضااق الاي‬bloodstream infections ‫الاي اااهب ان باااي العدوى وهكذا برده لو عندي‬ ‫ب ركب الكانيوال ب ركهرا باريقق غير صحيحق‬ ‫ الزم يكون مااع عاى ن ائج‬laboratory cultures or blood tests ‫ نوه المس بنى الزم يأكد عاى الاااا‬surveillance ‫برده الاااا‬  microbiological lab ‫ال حاليل مب طالعق مب الا‬  Because there are many patients passing through the ‫ اك ر اننكبااب مونودة ي المساا باانيات بخدها‬ hospital and so many different types of infection which ‫ ع ندي وا لاين بي را هي الا‬index or baseline arise, one has to focus on specific readily recognized ‫ بحيث لو يه عدوى معينق‬surgical site infection infections such as surgical site infection as an index of ‫زاد ان باااااايهااا عب العاادوى دي يهقى انااا كاادة‬ infection rate. ‫ ي المس بنى مهم‬critical situation ‫عندي‬ 1 Infection Control Environmental Surveillance 08  Unless there are suitable laboratory facilities to ‫ المونود نوه‬microbiologist ‫ ونود كعاااون مااابيب الااااااااا‬ identity the infection pathogen, little can be done ‫ وخصوصا‬infection control committee ‫المس بنى والاا‬ to determine the possible organisms responsible ‫ مرن ندا ع بان ادي‬surveillance ‫الم سئوليب عب الاااااا‬ and help in finding the source of the infection. antimicrobial stewardship ‫ له وع ال ا‬recommendations ‫عبان اا خدم المضاد الحيوي باريقق صحيحق‬  For these reasons, most surveillance systems depend on the use of laboratory cultures to provide the material for quantification of the HAI rates.  Accuracy in this case depends on the cultures being made from most clinical infections and a system for recording the clinical data of the infected patients.  In hospitals where little or no surveillance data exists and resources are limited, one has to concentrate efforts on those parts of the hospital, and those procedures, which are common sites for HAI. ‫ المن بر نوه‬infectious agent ‫ نوه المس بنى عبان اعرف ايه الااااا‬microbiologist ‫ يهقى كدة انا عر ت أهميق ونود الااااا‬ infection control committee ‫المس بنى والدي اكحكن يه واايار عايه الزم يهاغ الن ائج الاي وصارا لاا‬ ‫ بيديني ن ائج غير صحيحق ي الحالق‬culture ‫ وكمان البخص المسئوج عب الاااا‬surveillance ‫ ا رض ان احنا اهمانا ن ء الاااا‬ ‫دي هيهقى صعب ندا اني اكحكن ي ان باي العدوى نوه المس بنى‬  Surgical site infection is clearly one area, but others include ‫ ك ير ممكب اليس لرااا‬infections ‫ يااه‬ intravenous infusion over a prolonged period leading to ‫معدج ان باااااي واألمثاق مونودة وق بس‬ septicaemia; urinary tract infection following indwelling ‫ واليس‬index ‫الاي بقدي أع مد عايه كاااا‬ urinary catheters; hospital associated respiratory infections ‫ مقاينق‬infections ‫مدى ان باي بقيق الاااااا‬ particularly in mechanically ventilated patients, and episodes surgical site infection ‫بيه هو الا‬ of infective gastroenteritis.  Patients who are particularly prone to acquiring infection in hospital include the most severely ill, the aged, those compromised by diabetes, use of steroids, cancer or haematological malignancies. Site of HCAIs  UTI- Urinary tract Infections  Surgical Site Infection  Bloodstream infection  Pneumonia  Bone and joint infection  Central Nervous System  Cardiovascular  Systemic Infection Not HCAI  Infections associated with complications or extensions of infections already present on admission unless a change in pathogen or symptoms strongly suggest the acquisition of new infection  Reactivation of a latent infection e.g. herpes, tb, syphilis HCAIs ‫ الحانات دي مش بع هرها‬ ‫ الحانات دي ب هقا مونودة نوة الجسن وب نبط مع حاالت ضعف المناعق‬  Continuous surveillance is a time-consuming activity and requires detailed work over a period of time to produce beneficial results which can lead to a reduction in the acquired infection rates.  Many different hospital staff are involved in monitoring the minimal levels of hospital infections and all must be aware of their role in surveillance. ‫ مب عيوبرا انى بهذج مجرود وولت نامد ندا بس ن يج ه ب هقا كويسق ندا‬ ‫ الممرضات كل يوم ب عمل كقرير كهاغ يه لو حصل اي اننكبب‬  All must be alert to the possible occurrence of an outbreak situation.  Both clinical and microbiological data are essential to compile the necessary information.  The information gathered is jointly the property of the clinical and laboratory staff. The collection of information should be made as simple as is compatible with obtaining data of value in recognizing the extent and causation of the infections.  Unless one has some information of the kind, finding the reasons for an infection is difficult and planning the avoidance of the infection less achievable. ‫حصات‬ ‫ واكون عايف ازاى اكعامل لو اللدي‬outbreak ‫ الزم دايما اكون م ولع ان يحصل‬ 2 Infection Control Environmental Surveillance 08 Investigation of an outbreak ‫يعني م بكاه ح صات ب بكل غير طهيعي ي مكان معيب زي ان باي الكو يد كده االوج كان‬: outbreak ‫ عاي يب نعرف يعني ايه‬ outbreak ‫حاالت رديه وبعديب لما زادت الحاالت بقا‬ ‫ زي االدمان (كانر مخديات ي مكان معيب نباااار االدمان) او ال نمر(مثال ي اكنيب بي نمرو ي‬social ‫ يه نوعيب ممكب يكون‬ ) outbreak ‫مدياه هدا ي ان حواليرن عدد اك ر الساوك ده ان بر هقا‬.‫ زي كنبي االمراض‬medical field ‫ وممكب يكون ي‬ Sources of data for Surveillance  Patent – based information  Laboratory – based  Other department, Services or information agencies ‫ طب ازاي ؟‬outbreak ‫ ي المس بنى ان اكولع حدوث الا‬infection control ‫مب الحانات المرمه لاا‬  ‫يعني مثال لو عندي حاله واحده مصابه وم نقا ش لحاالت كانيه يهقى خالص عادي‬  ‫لكب لو عندي العدد بي يد يقا يهقى يه ان باي‬  ‫ المعمل‬, ‫ (المعاومات الاي باخدها مب المريض‬outbreak ‫ ي ولع حدوث الاااااا‬surveillance ‫طب هع مد عاى ايه عبااان اعمل‬  )‫ عاليه مب دوا معيب ابدأ اخد بالي واخد االنراءات الصحيحه‬resistance ‫الاي ب عامل معاه بيهقى عاى ديايه ان يه‬ Key factors to be recorded clinically are:  The severity and the extent of the infection in the patient  The type of operation and the extent of bacteriological contamination of the wound, and  The time period between the procedure and appearance of the infection. clinically ‫ الي مح اج ااجارا مب الناحيه‬factors ‫ الا‬  Key records microbiologically needed are the organisms isolated and their antimicrobial susceptibility. infection control program ‫ ب اع ه واباغ الن ايج لاا‬sensitivity ‫ والا‬m.o ‫ مح اج اعرف نوع‬microbiologically ‫ مب الناحيه الا‬ Sources of data for Surveillance 1. Patent – based information  Patient examination  Clinical Ward rounds  Patient's name  Culture  Predisposing factors  Age  organism  surgery  Sex  antimicrobial  chemotherapy  Hospital number susceptibility pattern  antibiotics  Ward service  Clinical Data  steroids  Admission data  fever  underlying disease  Infection onset  p.e. findings  Exposure factor  data  x-ray results ‫ حصااال ام ى عباااان اعرف هو لو داخل‬infection onset ‫و‬....‫ المعاومات الي مح اج اعر را مب المريض زي (ااااامه والعمر و‬ ‫ وهل عمل عمايات‬, clinical data ,) ‫ والمبكاه عندي ف المس بنى‬HAI ‫ لكب لو بعد يهقى‬CAI ‫المس بنى بالمرض يهقى‬ ‫لهل كده او بياخد كيماوي او اي ادويه كانيه او بيدخب وال ال‬ 3 Infection Control Environmental Surveillance 08 Methods of Surveillance 1. Hospital-wide Surveillance (Traditional) 2. Limited Periodic Surveillance 3. Prevalence Surveillance 4. Targeted Surveillance : unit / site specific / 5. Objective/Priority Based Surveillance rotational Targeted surveillance a. Site-oriented surveillance: Priorities will be to monitor frequent infections with significant impact in mortality, morbidity, costs (e.g. extra-hospital days, treatment costs), and which may be avoidable. Common priority sites are:  Ventilator associated pneumonia (a high mortality rate)  Surgical site infections (extra-hospital days and cost)  Primary bloodstream infections (high mortality)  Infection with multiple-drug resistant bacteria (outbreak situation). b. Unit-oriented surveillance:  Efforts can focus on high risk units such as unit operated ‫ هو االاااا‬targeted surveillance ‫ كانى نوع مب الاااا‬ intensive care units, surgical units, oncology ‫ إلاى يه االننكبب‬site ‫وهنا ال اينت مش ويق صر بس عاى الااا‬ /haematology, burn units, neonatology, etc. ICU, surgical units, ‫ كارا زى مثال وحدات ال ا‬unit ‫ولكب عاى ال ا‬ oncology units, hematology, burn unit & neonatology unit ‫ بيكون ن ء مب الا‬site ‫ الا‬  While surveillance is focused in high-risk sectors, some data collection, analysis & ‫ الااااااااااا‬ surveillance activity should occur for the rest of the hospital. reported or ‫ الزم ككون‬interpretation  This may be most efficiently performed on a rotating basis. documented  HAI surveillance includes data collection, analysis and interpretation, and feedback leading to interventions for preventive action.  The infection control team must be trained for surveillance. ‫ ب اااعى ب ع مااد عاى‬protocol ‫ الااااااااا‬  A written protocol must describe the methods used, the data to ‫ إلاى اا خدام را اواء كانت‬method ‫ال ا‬ be collected and the analysis that can be expected. targeted site , periodic check or prevalence survilance Data collection and analysis Sources:  Data collection requires multiple sources of information as no method, by itself, is sensitive enough to ensure data quality. ‫ مش ب ع مد عاى حانه واحده الن كارن بيكماو بعض عبان احصل عاى معاومات م كاماه‬data collection ‫ عبان اعمل‬  Looking for clues such as:  The presence of devices or procedures known to be a ‫ كن كاهيقرا ى‬invasive device ‫ ببااااوف لو يه اى‬ risk for infection (indwelling urinary and infection ‫العنهر دا ممكب يكون هو إلاى عمل الا‬ intravascular catheters, mechanical ventilation, surgical procedures)  Record of fever or other clinical signs consistent with ‫ االخري‬clinical sings ‫ أو الاااا‬fever ‫ الزم بردو ايالب الاااا‬ infection diagnosis‫ لاا‬indication ‫ ألنرا‬patient ‫إلاى عاى الا‬  Antimicrobial therapy ‫ ألنه مب‬antimicrobial therapy ‫ الزم اكون مرك ة بردو عاى الااااا‬ outbreak ‫االدالالت المرمه ندا إلاى ب حمى مب حدوث الا‬  Laboratory tests patient ‫ ب اعق الا‬laboratory test ‫ وطهعا الزم أه ن بالا‬  Medical and nursing chart review. reviews ‫ والزم بردو اشااوف األطهاء والممرضاايب واشااوف الااااااا‬.‫ إلى معاهن‬cases ‫ ب اع رن عاى الا‬comments ‫ب اع رن والا‬ 4 Infection Control Environmental Surveillance 08 Laboratory reports:  Isolation of micro-organisms potentially associated with infection, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and serological tests.  One cannot rely on laboratory reports alone.  Cultures are not obtained for all infections; specimens may not be appropriate; some pathogens such as viruses may not be isolated; isolation of a pathogen may represent colonization rather than infection.  Laboratory reports are reliable for urinary tract infection, bloodstream infections and, multiple-drug resistant bacteria surveillance, because the definitions for these are essentiallymicrobiological.  Other sources of infection data include diagnostic imaging and autopsy data. M.Os ‫ ولكب هى ب نيدنى ى ع ج الااا‬، ‫ زى ما لولنا مش ه كون كا يه ومش هنع مد عايرا لوحدها‬laboratory reports ‫ الااا‬ ‫ ب اعه‬antimicrobial resistance battern ‫ وب ساعد بر ضو ى ال عرف عاى الاااااا‬، serological test ‫وممكب اعمل مب خاللرا‬، ‫ وشكيت‬pneumonia ‫ طيب ليه ميننعش اع مد عايرا لوحدها ؟ الن مثال لو ى مريض عنده أعراض الاااا‬، ‫ المن بره‬M.Os ‫الاااا‬ ‫ ميننعش اننى‬negative klebsiella pneumonia ‫ كان‬laboratory test ‫ والااااا‬klebsiela ppnumonia ‫بإنه عنده اننكبب بالااااا‬ ‫ ألنه‬culture ‫ ومظرر ى ال ا‬viral infection ‫ ظاهر عايه األعراض وممكب ككون بسهب‬patient ‫ الن ال ا‬pneumonia ‫اح ماج ال ا‬.‫ ألنه بيظرر يرا‬serological test ‫ ممكب اكأكد بعمل‬،‫بيح اج واط لانمو غير ب اع الهك يريا‬ UTI, ‫ الا‬:‫ هي‬diagnosis ‫ ومب الحاالت إلاى ممكب كننع يرا وكمان ب أكد الا‬،‫ كننع ى حاالت وحاالت ال‬laboratory reports ‫ الا‬ ‫ ب اعى إلاى شااو ه‬diagnosis ‫ لااااااا‬confirming ‫ واعمل‬،‫ هيظرر يرا‬causitive agent ‫ هنا الاااااا‬blood stream infection laboratory reports ‫ بالا‬clinically  Discussion of cases with the clinical staff ‫ عبان نهقى عاي يب‬patient ‫ الزم برضو يكون يه منالبه مع الااا‬ during periodic ward visits is an essential ‫ وكمان عبان‬،‫ أو ولت دخوله المس بنى‬admission date ‫الاااا‬ source of information. TB ‫ المرض دا زى مثاج الااااااا‬history ‫اعرف لو كان المريض عنده‬ ‫ ولكن را‬HAI ‫ اااااا ن ج ان االننكبااااب دى مش‬، ‫إلاى لول ناه‬ community aquired infection  Continuing collaboration among infection infection control ‫ بيب الاااااااا‬collaboration ‫ الزم يكون يه‬ control staff, the laboratory, and clinical units ‫ عبااان‬microbiologist & clinical units ‫ وهما الاااااا‬staff will facilitate an exchange of information and effective ‫يساااااراال كهااادج ا ل م ع اومااات ودا ي دى إ لى‬ improve data quality. surveillance system  An effective surveillance system must identify priorities for preventive interventions and improvement in quality of care.  By providing quality indicators, surveillance enables the Infection Control Programme, in collaboration with units, to improve practice, and to define and monitor new prevention policies.  The final aim of surveillance is the decrease of nosocomial infections with a reduction of costs.  Surveillance is a continuous process and needs to evaluate the impact of changes in practices and to validate the prevention strategy, to see if initial objectives are attained. ‫ إلاى بي ن ى المسااا بااانى والردف ب اعه انه هيقال‬infection control ‫ يع هر ضااااع أاااااااااي مب الااااااا‬Surveillance .‫ عاى المنظومق الصحيق‬bio burden ‫وبال الى ألال الا‬. ‫ وبال الى ألال ككانه العالج‬HCAIs ‫ او الا‬nosocomial infection ‫الا‬ ‫فررررررررررركششششششش‬ ♥♥♥♥ ‫الي اللقاء يا اصدقاء‬ 5

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