Mansoura National University Pharmacy Orientation Lecture 4 PDF

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This document is a lecture from Mansoura National University on Pharmacy Orientation, Lecture 4. It details categories of medicinal products, staff members, and different drug classes.

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Pharmacy Orientation Lecture 4 Staff members of Pharmaceutics Department Dr. Dr. Walaa E.Abd El Hady Ghada Ahmed El-Emam Lecturer of Pharmaceutics Lecturer of Pharmaceutics Walaa.ebr...

Pharmacy Orientation Lecture 4 Staff members of Pharmaceutics Department Dr. Dr. Walaa E.Abd El Hady Ghada Ahmed El-Emam Lecturer of Pharmaceutics Lecturer of Pharmaceutics [email protected] [email protected] Dr/ Randa Hanie Awadeen Lecturer of Pharmaceutics [email protected] Categories of medicinal products Pharmacy Orientation 3 Three categories of medicinal substances are available for purchase: 1. Prescription drugs 2. OTC drugs 3. Dietary supplements Pharmacy Orientation 4 A “drug class” is a group of medications with certain similarities. Three methods are used to classify them: 1-Mechanism of action: Specific changes they cause in your body 2-Physiologic effect: How your body responds to them 3-Chemical structure: What they’re made of. Pharmacy Orientation 5 The USP classifies drug according to: Therapeutic use Mechanism of action Dosage form To 47 drug categories and more than a hundred classes within those categories. Pharmacy Orientation 6 Analgesics Antipsychotics Hormonal agents (pituitary) Anesthetics Antispasticity agents Hormonal agents (prostaglandins) Anti-addiction agents Antivirals Hormonal agents (sex hormones) Antibacterials Anxiolytics Hormonal agents (thyroid) Anticonvulsants Bipolar agents Hormone suppressant (adrenal) Antidementia agents Blood glucose regulators Hormone suppressant (pituitary) Antidepressants Blood products Hormone suppressant (thyroid) Antiemetics Cardiovascular agents Immunological agents Antifungals Central nervous system agents Inflammatory bowel disease agents Antigout agents Dental and oral agents Metabolic bone disease agents Antimigraine agents Dermatological agents Ophthalmic agents Antimyasthenic agents Electrolytes, minerals, metals, vitamins Otic agents Antimycobacterials Gastrointestinal agents Respiratory tract agents Antineoplastics Genetic/enzyme/protein disorder agents Skeletal muscle relaxants Antiparasitics Genitourinary agents Sleep disorder agents Antiparkinson agents Hormonal agents (adrenal) Pharmacy Orientation 7 Why do people respond differently to the same medication? Due to: 1. Inflammation levels 2. Genetics 3. Biological sex 4. Diet 5. Weight 6. Age 7. Hormone levels 8. Liver or kidney function. Pharmacy Orientation 8 General Drug Categories ❖ Analgesics: Drugs that relieve pain. non-narcotic analgesics for mild pain, and narcotic analgesics for severe pain. ❖ Antacids: Drugs that relieve heartburn by neutralizing stomach acid. ❖ Antianxiety drugs: Drugs that suppress anxiety and relax muscles. ❖ Sedatives: Same as Antianxiety drugs. Pharmacy Orientation 9 Pharmacy Orientation 9 ❖ Antiarrhythmics: Drugs used to control irregularities of heartbeat. ❖ Antibacterials: Drugs used to treat infections. ❖ Antibiotics: Broad spectrum antibiotics, are effective against a wide range of bacteria. Pharmacy Orientation 10 Anticoagulants and Thrombolytics: 1. Anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting. 2. Thrombolytics help dissolve and disperse blood clots (treat thrombosis). Anticonvulsants: Drugs that prevent epileptic seizures. Pharmacy Orientation 11 Antidiarrheals: ✓ Drugs used for the relief of diarrhea. ✓ It slow down the contractions of the bowel muscles so that the contents are moved more slowly. Antiemetics: Drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting. Pharmacy Orientation 12 Antifungals: Drugs used to treat fungal infections which affect the hair, skin, nails, or mucous membranes. Antineoplastics: Drugs used to treat cancer. Antipyretics: Drugs that reduce fever. Pharmacy Orientation 13 Antihistamines: Drugs used to counteract the effects of histamine, one of the chemicals involved in allergic reactions. Antihypertensives: Drugs that lower blood pressure. Antipsychotics: Drugs used to treat symptoms of severe psychiatric disorders. Pharmacy Orientation 14 Anti-Inflammatories: Drugs used to reduce inflammation, the redness, heat, swelling, and increased blood flow found in infections and in rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Muscle Relaxants: Drugs that relieve muscle spasm in disorders such as backache. Pharmacy Orientation 15 Antivirals: Drugs used to treat viral infections or to provide protection against infections such as influenza. Bronchodilators: Drugs that open up the bronchial tubes within the lungs when the tubes have become narrowed by muscle spasm. Bronchodilators ease breathing in diseases such as asthma. Pharmacy Orientation 16 Cold Cures: ✓ Although there is no drug that can cure a cold, ✓ But the aches, pains, and fever that accompany a cold can be relieved by aspirin or paracetamol. ✓ Often accompanied by a decongestant, antihistamine, and sometimes caffeine. Pharmacy Orientation 17 Corticosteroids: These hormonal preparations are used primarily as anti-inflammatories in arthritis or asthma or as immunosuppressives. Also useful for treating some malignancies Compensating for a deficiency of natural hormones in disorders such as Addison's disease. Pharmacy Orientation 18 Cough Suppressants: Simple cough medicines, which contain honey, glycerine, or menthol, soothe throat irritation only. Two groups of cough suppressants: 1. Mucolytics and expectorants: alter the consistency or production of phlegm. 2. Narcotic cough suppressants: suppress the coughing reflex such as codeine, dextromethorphan. Pharmacy Orientation 19 Cytotoxics: Drugs that kill or damage cells used as antineoplastics (drugs used to treat cancer) and also as immunosuppressives. Decongestants: Drugs that reduce swelling of the mucous membranes that line the nose, thus relieving nasal stuffiness. Pharmacy Orientation 20 Diuretics: 1. Drugs that increase the quantity of urine produced by the kidneys, thus ridding the body of excess fluid. 2. Diuretics reduce water logging to the tissues. 3. They are useful in treating mild cases of high blood pressure. Pharmacy Orientation 21 Hormones: Chemicals produced naturally by the endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal, ovary, testis, pancreas, parathyroid). In some disorders, for example, diabetes mellitus, in which too little of a insulin, synthetic or natural hormone extracts are prescribed to restore the deficiency (hormone replacement therapy). Hypoglycemics (Oral): Drugs that lower the level of glucose in the blood. Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used in diabetes mellitus. Pharmacy Orientation 22 Sex Hormones (Female): There are two groups of these hormones (estrogens and progesterone). Estrogens may be used to treat cancer of the breast or prostate. Sex Hormones (Male): Androgenic hormones (testosterone) As drugs, male sex hormones are given to compensate for hormonal deficiency in hypopituitarism. Pharmacy Orientation 23 Immunosuppressives: It is used to treat autoimmune diseases (in which the body's defenses work abnormally and attack its own tissues) help prevent rejection of organ transplants. Laxatives: Drugs that increase bowel movements, either by stimulating the bowel wall (stimulant laxative), or by lubricating bowel content (stool-softeners). Laxatives may be taken by mouth or directly into the lower bowel as suppositories. Pharmacy Orientation 24 Sleeping Drugs: Drugs have a sedative effect in low doses and are effective sleeping medications in higher doses. Example: benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Benzodiazepines drugs are used more widely than barbiturates because they are safer, the side-effects are less marked, and there is less risk of physical dependence. Pharmacy Orientation 25 Vitamins: Chemicals essential in small quantities for good health. Some vitamins are not manufactured by the body, but adequate quantities are present in a normal diet. People whose diets are inadequate or may need to take supplementary vitamins. Pharmacy Orientation 26 Quiz on Lec 4 Q1: True or false 1- Barbiturates drugs are used more widely than Benzodiazepines. 2- Drugs that increase bowel movements are called stimulant laxative. 3- Codeine is a narcotic cough suppressants which alter the consistency or production of phlegm. 4- Antiarrhythmics drugs used to control irregularities of heartbeat. 5- Anticoagulants can dissolve and disperse blood clots. Mansoura National University, Faculty of Pharmacy, pharmaceutics Department, Dosage form I, clinical pharm D program End of Lecture 4 Mansoura National University, Faculty of Pharmacy, pharmaceutics Department, clinical pharm D program

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