Pharmacy Orientation Lecture 1,2 PDF

Pharmacy Orientation For First level Pharmacy students By Dr. Germeen N. S. Girgis Associate. Prof. of pharmaceutics 2024-2025 Introduction  Course Description Course Aims: Orienting the students to the different aspects of pharmacy...

Pharmacy Orientation For First level Pharmacy students By Dr. Germeen N. S. Girgis Associate. Prof. of pharmaceutics 2024-2025 Introduction  Course Description Course Aims: Orienting the students to the different aspects of pharmacy profession , including the mission of pharmacy, role of pharmacist in society and pharmacy careers Classification of medications. Recognize different sources of drugs Pharmaceutical dosage forms and routes of drug administration. Understand different prescriptions and medication orders, general dispensing procedure and factors affecting drug dosage. Knowing the history of pharmacy practice in various civilizations.  Weighing of assessments 1 Course Work and mid-term Exam 25% 2 Written Exam 75% 3 Other types of assessment 0% Total 100%  Contents Subject Page No.  Introduction 2  Course specification 3  Mission of Pharmacy and medical care process 9  General Dispensing Procedures 17  Factors Affecting Drug Dosage 26  The Prescription 31  Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 43  Routes of drug administration 56  Classification of Medications 64  History of Pharmacy 70  Topic of self-learning: 82 Sources of drugs  References 84  Question Bank 85  Lecture 1 Pharmacy and Medical care process  Pharmacy Pharmacy is a place, a profession, and sometimes a business. A pharmacy is a place where licensed pharmacists dispense medicine on receiving a valid prescription written by a legal prescriber.  A pharmacy can be a free standing building, or it may be found inside other places like a drug store, a medical office building, or a hospital. Pharmacists Pharmacists are members in the health care system to oversee the drug-use process.  What is Medical or Pharmaceutical care? It is the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve the patient life quality. Who is the Pharmacist? Pharmacists are highly qualified, highly trained and skilled health care professionals who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients.  Pharmacists are sometimes small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. All the services performed by pharmacists practicing in: 1-The hospitals 2-Community pharmacies 3-Clinics 4-Medical laboratories  Role of the pharmacist in medical care process 1. Pharmacist is the first point of contact between the patient and the medical care system. 2. Pharmacists are found in the community pharmacies, hospitals pharmacies and their hours of practice are long even for 24 hours. 3. Pharmacists deal with implementation of therapy, providing the drug product necessary for treatment of conditions diagnosed by the physicians. 4. Pharmacists check on physician prescriptions to give an additional control to the quality of the drug therapy. 5. Pharmacists play a role in the selection of the drug therapy in consultation with the prescriber. 6. Pharmacists provide a consultation to patient on the best way to take medication. 7. Pharmacists help patients to monitor both positive and negative effects of the therapy.  The Medical care system It describes the interaction between patients and health practitioners in medical situations. It is not a single system, but it includes several subsystems serving different segments in the population. Each family choose its own health care provider which is appropriate to its own needs and paid for by its own funds either directly or by special health plan.  Examples: I. Military medical system : aimed to provide health care to the military personnel and their families. II. Engineers medical system: aimed to provide health care to the engineers personnel and their families. III. Doctors medical system: aimed to provide health care to the doctors personnel and their families. IV. Pharmacist medical system: aimed to provide health care to the pharmacist personnel and their families.  Organization of the medical care system They are directly involved in delivering the personal health services to all individuals, they include: 1. hospitals 2. clinics 3. home health services 4. nursing homes 5. pharmacies 6. medical, dental, pharmacy schools 7. academic health centers.  Factors affecting the medical care system There are several factors beyond the individuals control that still play a major role in the functioning the medical care system as: 1. Social and cultural factors have a major influence on medical care process. 2. The economic environment is important. 3. The legal and political environments are of great importance. 4. The values that people hold regarding medical care is very important to determine the way in which medical care will develop in any nation  The drug components of medical care It is an important component of physician visit (80%) result in the writing of the prescription. So the pharmacist is concerned with very important aspect of the medical care process. The pharmacist is involved to provide the drug products, and also to ensure the proper use of the selected drugs.  Several Characteristics of the drug dispensing process At least two sets of professional services are involved: A physician function: he determines the specific coarse of therapy, give prescription. A pharmacist function he ensures that the coarse of therapy is correct in every details related to the patient. The main processes involved in drug therapy 1. The pharmaceutical process. ( drug getting to patient) 2. The pharmacokinetic process. ( drug getting to site of action) 3. The pharmaco-dynamic process. (drug producing its pharmacological effects). 4. The therapeutic process. ( drug pharmacological effects translated to therapeutic effects).  A good clinical pharmacist 1-Pharmacists have the power and feeling about his important role as a drug expert among the health care team. 2-You need a good background knowledge in the following: 1. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2. Clinical Pharmaco-dynamic 3. Therapeutic drug monitoring 4. Drug-drug interaction 5. Clinical Laboratory data: Useful for the diagnosis, management and monitoring of disease. 6. Clinical Pharmaco-economics: The measurement of the costs and consequences of therapeutic decision making 7. Patient care in certain Life stages: Neonates, pediatrics, geriatrics and drug handling in organ dysfunction. 8. Drug information sources 9. Therapeutics and physiology of diseases. 3- The pharmacist needs to develop his skills necessary to deliver many of these services.  Level of Action and Role of Clinical Pharmacists A. Before the prescription: Clinical trials Drug information Advice Prescribing decision, as in prescribing OTC Performing patient presentation  B. During the prescription Advise the physician Perform a therapeutic action plan for each patient Applying therapeutic drug monitoring if needed. Monitors, detects and prevents harmful drug interaction, adverse reactions and medication errors through evaluation of prescriptions’ profiles.  Medication Errors and Drug- Related Problems 1.Untreated indications: The patient needs drug therapy for a specific indication but is not receiving it. 2. Improper drug selection: The drug currently prescribed is either non effective or toxic. 3. Sub-therapeutic dosage: Too little of the correct drug has been prescribed. 4. Failure to receive drugs: The patient is not taking or receiving the drug prescribed. 5. Over dosage: Too much of the correct drug is being given. 6. Adverse drug reactions: The patient has a medical condition resulting from an adverse drug reaction. 7. Drug interactions: A medical problem has resulted from a drug-drug or drug-food 8. Drug use without indication: The patient is taking a drug for which there is no valid medical indication. C. After the prescription After the prescription is written, clinical pharmacists play a key role in communicating and counseling patients. 1.Improve patients' awareness of their treatments 2.Checking how they are getting on with their drugs 3.Monitor treatment response, and advice to improve effect. Outcome of applying clinical pharmacy 1.Maximizing the clinical effect of medicines 2.Minimizing the risk of drug adverse effects 3.Minimizing the treatment cost and cost of drug adverse effects