Research Skills & Analysis Lecture; LIB116; 19/10/2024 NEW Mansoura University PDF

Research Skills &Analysis LIB116 Lecture : Three Associ. Prof. Emam Omar Physics Department Faculty of Physics New Mansoura University 19/10/2024  Knowledge 19/10/2024 ...

Research Skills &Analysis LIB116 Lecture : Three Associ. Prof. Emam Omar Physics Department Faculty of Physics New Mansoura University 19/10/2024  Knowledge 19/10/2024  Data & Information and Knowledge - Knowledge is a combination of information, experience, and insight that helps the individual or the organization for linking to doing and implies know-how and understanding. - Knowledge is possessed by each individual and is an outcome of his or her experience. It also covers the norms to evaluates new inputs from his surroundings - Information is a text that answers the questions of who, when, or where, while knowledge is a text that answers the questions of why and how. 19/10/2024 33 Difference Between Information and Knowledge 19/10/2024 44 Data & Information and Knowledge Example Look at the examples given for data: 8:00 AM This data, when organized and 72°F presented in a meaningful way, becomes information: 12:00 PM 82°F 8:00 AM – 72°F 4:00 PM 12:00 PM – 82°F 88°F 4:00 PM – 88°F “The temperature increased gradually from 72°F at 8:00 AM to 82°F at 12:00 PM and further to 88°F by 4:00 PM.” 19/10/2024 55  Data & Information and Knowledge Knowledge Using the temperature data and information provided earlier, knowledge might involve understanding: - Weather patterns, - How temperature changes throughout the day, - The potential impact of such changes on various aspects like human comfort or plant growth. This understanding can be applied to predict future temperature trends or decide when to engage in certain outdoor activities. 19/10/2024 66  BASIS FOR INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE COMPARISON When the facts obtained Knowledge refers to the are systematically relevant and objective Meaning presented in a given information gained context it is known as through experience information Combination of Data and context Information, experience and intuition Processing Improves representation Increases awareness Transfer Easily transferable Requires learning Prediction Information alone is not Prediction is possible if sufficient to make one possess required predictions knowledge. One in other Not all information is All knowledge is 19/10/2024 knowledge. information. 77  Knowledge Acquiring Source There are three main types for acquiring knowledge:- Unscientific Sources of Knowledge Scientific Sources of Knowledge Divine Books 19/10/2024 88 Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 1- Empiricism Knowledge via empiricism involves gaining knowledge through objective observation and the experiences of your senses. An individual who says “I believe nothing until I see it with my own eyes” is an empiricist. The empiricist gains knowledge by seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching. 19/10/2024 99  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 2- Trial and Error Trial and Error is one of the ways of acquiring new knowledge. Individual learn more things through trial and error Knowledge related to practical, professional. Skilled and semi skilled professions are largely depends on the source of knowledge. For example: use of computer, Smart phone, driving, etc. 19/10/2024 10 10  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 3- Tradition (local knowledge) Much social related knowledge are preserved and transmitted through traditions. Much information which is largely depends on traditions. Knowledge passed down through generations For example: - Tools and techniques for hunting or agriculture) - Traditional medicine. 19/10/2024 11 11  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 3- Tradition (local knowledge) 19/10/2024 12 12  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 4- Tenacity Gaining knowledge via tenacity involves hearing a piece of information so often that you begin to believe it is true, and then, despite evidence to the contrary, you cling stubbornly to the belief. Method is often used in political campaigns, where a particular slogan is repeated so often that we begin to believe it. Advertisers also use the method of tenacity by repeating their slogan for a certain product over and over until people begin to associate the slogan with the product and believe 19/10/2024that the product meets its claims. 13 13 Unscientific Sources of Knowledge Tenacity is something, which psychologically force the people to accept it. 19/10/2024 14 14  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 5- Rationalism Knowledge gained through logical reasoning. With this approach, ideas are accurate stated and logical rules are applied to arrive at a logically sound conclusion. For example: All humans are mortal; I am a human; Therefore, I am mortal. Attractive people are good; Hafiz is attractive; Therefore, Hafiz is good. 19/10/2024 15 15  Unscientific Sources of Knowledge 6- Authority knowledge via authority means Knowledge gained from those viewed as authority figures. When we accept what a respected or famous person tells us. For example: Parents as authority figures Teachers as authority figures 19/10/2024 16 16  Scientific Sources of Knowledge Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence and is appropriate for understanding the natural world. Scientific knowledge is durable and strong but open to change. Because science is based on empirical evidence scientists strive for objectivity. 19/10/2024 17 17 Scientific Sources of Knowledge Characteristics of Scientific Knowledge 1. Objectivity Scientific knowledge is objective. Objectivity simple means the ability to see and accept facts as they are, not as one might wish them to be. 2. Verifiability / Measureable Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence so that other observers can observe, weigh or measure the same phenomena and check out observation for accuracy. 19/10/2024 18 18 Scientific Sources of Knowledge 3. Ethical Neutrality Science is ethically neutral. How ethical issues can affect the study population and how ethical problems can be overcome should be thoroughly examined at the problem formulation stage. 4. Empirically proved/Observable This means that any conclusion drawn are based upon hard evidence gathered from information collected from real life experiences or observations. 19/10/2024 19 19  Scientific Sources of Knowledge 5. Reliability A measure’s precision and stability- extent to which the same result would be obtained with repeated trials. 6. Accuracy 7. Abstractness 8. Predictability 9.Universal Application 10. 19/10/2024 Experimental 20 20 Divine Books The source of this Divine Knowledge is God. The Taurat /Musa (Peace be upon him) The Zabur//Dawud (Peace be upon him) The Injeel/ Esa(Peace be upon him) The Qur'an of Muhammad (Peace be upon him) 19/10/2024 21 21  Basic Concept in Research 19/10/2024  The meaning of Research Research is an investigation process to find reliable solutions to a problem for discovering new knowledge and information. The word RESEARCH is composed of two syllables, RE and SEARCH. RE meaning (again, a new, or over again). SEARCH meaning (to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe). Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, 19/10/2024 undertaken to establish facts or principles. 2323  The types of Research Research can be classified into three classes: I. Application II. Objectives III. Enquiry mode 19/10/2024 24 24  I. APPLICATION If you examine a research from the perspective of its application, there are two broad categories: A) Pure Research Basic research (also called pure research or fundamental research). It is a systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental of phenomena without specific application or product. B) Applied Research This research type focuses on applying Pure Research outcomes (Theories) into the real world situations. 19/10/2024 25 25 I. APPLICATION (Examples) 19/10/2024 26 26 I. APPLICATION (Examples) 19/10/2024 27 27  II. OBJECTIVES A research study can be carried out with four objectives: A) Exploratory Research (‫)البحوث االستكشافية‬ In this research problem are not clear. It is done in search of new indicator. Exploratory researches are focused on the areas that is not well understood or sufficiently done research. If some researcher starting to do a research on an area that is not yet discovered properly or not understood yet, that research is called as an Exploratory Research. 19/10/2024 28 28  II. OBJECTIVES For example, Even if there are some theories that says there is water on other planets, there are no much researches or proofs on that theory So, NASA has started a research on that topic for further proof and knowledge. Therefore, that research can be called as an Exploratory Research. 19/10/2024 29 29 II. OBJECTIVES B) Descriptive Research (‫)البحوث الوصفية‬ Descriptive research, as the names indicate, describes the characteristics of the problem, phenomenon, situation, or group under investigation. It is undertaken to provide answers to questions of who, what, where, when, and how – but not why. 19/10/2024 30 30  II. OBJECTIVES C) Correlational Research (‫)البحوث االرتباطية‬ Correlational researches can identify the relationship between two or more variables. Purpose - Determine relationships - Make predictions Example The relationship between T.V. and aggressive behavior The effect of the home environment on education 19/10/2024 31 31  II. OBJECTIVES Importance Determine the strength of the relationship between two or more variables. Determine the direction of the relationship There are two types of Correlational Research Positive correlation A positive correlation exists when one variable decreases as the other variable decreases, or one variable increases while the 19/10/2024 other increases. 32 32  II. OBJECTIVES Negative correlation An negative correlation exists when one variable decreases as the other variable increases, and vice versa. 19/10/2024 33 33 II. OBJECTIVES 19/10/2024 34 34  II. OBJECTIVES D) Explanatory Research (‫)البحوث التفسريه‬ Explanatory research is a research method that explores why something occurs when limited information is available. Explanatory research can also be explained as a “cause and effect” model. Note: Be careful not to confuse explanatory research with exploratory research. 19/10/2024 35 35  II. OBJECTIVES Explanatory research is conducted when the phenomenon is defined and the hypothesis is already established. This is the latter phase of the research. On the other hand, exploratory research is the initial phase where a new phenomenon is being observed and explored. 19/10/2024 36 36  III. Enquiry mode (‫)وضع االستفسار‬ Modes of Enquiry refer to the ways in which people identify and explore questions of interest. They are the systems and methods by which humans create, and construe, and information. A) Qualitative Research Unstructured approach is called qualitative. It deals with soft data, in the form impressions, words, symbols etc. Ex: hardness, happiness, sadness, love, heat, etc. 19/10/2024 37 37  III. Enquiry mode (‫)وضع االستفسار‬ B) Quantative Research Structured approach to the inquiry. it deals with hard data which is in digit form. Ex: age, income, education, temperature, height, mass. 19/10/2024 38 38