ANU Medical Terminology Lecture Notes PDF

Medical terminology The nervous system The musculoskeletal system Salwa Aburageh, PhD Lecturer of Pharmacology & Toxicology Nervous system The nervous system coordinates the body’s involuntary and voluntary actions. It works in conjunction with the endocrine system...

Medical terminology The nervous system The musculoskeletal system Salwa Aburageh, PhD Lecturer of Pharmacology & Toxicology Nervous system The nervous system coordinates the body’s involuntary and voluntary actions. It works in conjunction with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis (Stay the same), a term that means “a state of equilibrium.” The nervous system has two main divisions: The central nervous system (CNS) The peripheral nervous system (PNS). Nervous system Nervous system Nervous system Meninges Nervous system Nerve tissue is composed of fundamental units called neurons (nerve cells). The three main parts of a neuron cell are its cell body, dendrites, and axon. The cell body contains the nucleus and receives nerve impulses (action potentials) from other cells through the dendrites. The cell body passes these messages to the axon, which conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. Axons are covered by myelin, a white fatty material that provides protection and insulation. Nervous system The gaps that Connect neurons or neurons and muscles are called synapse. The stimulus between the two cells is usually a chemical called a neurotransmitter. Groups of neuron cell bodies within the PNS are called ganglia (ganglion, singular). Groups of neuron cell bodies within the CNS are called nuclei (nucleus, singular). Groupings of axons are called nerves, wherever they occur in the body.  Word Part Meaning neur/o nerve, nerve tissue encephal/o brain cephal/o head Root words cerebell/o cerebellum associated cerebr/o cerebrum; also, the brain in general with nervous cortic/o outer layer or covering system crani/o cranium, skull meningi/o membrane ment/o referring to the mind psych/o mind schiz/o to split  Word Part Meaning -mania morbid attraction to or impulse toward (madness) Suffixes describing conditions -mnesia memory or disorders of nervous -phasia speech system -phobia fear - phrenia mind -lepsy Seizures Examples Aphasia Loss of speech Amnesia Loss of memory Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges Schizophrenia Mind splitting Disorders related to the nervous system 1- Trauma Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is sudden damage to the brain caused by a blow to the head. Traumatic head injuries can produce skull fractures, hemorrhage, swelling, and direct damage to the brain itself.  Disorders related to the nervous system Brain injury can range from mild concussions to severe permanent brain damage. Concussion is an injury to the brain resulting from violent shaking or a hit to the head. A concussion may cause temporary loss of consciousness followed by a short period of amnesia (loss of memory). Dizziness, nausea, and headache are common with a concussion. Disorders related to the nervous system 2- Vascular Insults A vascular insult is an injury to the blood vessels. A. Stroke: It results from an interruption of oxygen caused by blood vessel blockage or rupture. B. Transient ischemic attack: It is a temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain. This is sometimes called a “mini-stroke,” but can indicate serious problems and be a forewarning of a stroke. C. Cerebral aneurysm: An aneurysm is a localized dilation (widening) of an artery caused by weakness in the vessel wall. Aneurysm from greek word “aneurysma” which means widening. Disorders related to the nervous system 3- Systemic Degenerative Diseases These are progressive deterioration of the nervous tissue that affects body. Examples of systemic degenerative diseases include Multiple sclerosis (MS), is a progressive degenerative disease with symptoms caused by demyelination, a patchy loss of the myelin sheath. Parkinson’s disease (PD), usually develops after age 60 and occurs with the loss of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA). This can affect posture, balance, speech, and other activities of daily living. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an atrophy of the cerebral cortex, producing a progressive loss of intellectual function. (Amnesia)  Disorders related to the nervous system 4- Seizures A seizure occurs when there is an abnormal, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain. Seizures may result from trauma, tumors, fevers, medications, or other causes. Epilepsy is a chronic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures that result from the excessive discharge of neurons in the brain.  Disorders related to the nervous system 5- Behavioral Disorders Some behavioral disorders are related to the nervous system. They may be caused by physical changes, substance abuse, medications, or any combination thereof. Anxiety disorders are characterized by feelings of uneasiness, sometimes associated with the anticipation of danger. Depression, which is characterized by loss of interest or pleasure in activities : Anhedonia Schizophrenia, which is characterized by abnormal thoughts, hallucinations, delusions, and withdrawal.  Speciality Neurologists are medical specialists trained in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders. Neurosurgeons are physicians specialized in operations on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Psychiatrists are physicians who treat behavioral and mental health disorders.  -algia pain cervic/o neck amphi- both sides chondr/o cartilage ankyl/o stiff, fused, closed cost/o rib The Skeletal arthr/o joint crani/o cranium System brachi/o arm dactyl/o finger, toe calcane/o calcaneus, heel femur/o femur, thighbone bone humer/o humerus, upper carp/o wrist arm bone The Skeletal System -itis kinesi/o -kinesia lumb/o lower -malacia muscul/o inflammation movement movement back softening muscle myel/o bone orth/o correct, ped/o foot, my/o muscl -oma tumor oste/o bone marrow straight child spondyl/o syn- joined thorac/o vertebr/o pelv/o pelvis vertebrae together thorax, chest vertebrae  Structure and Function ▪Ossification is bone formation. ▪Its approximately 206 bones have many functions. ▪The skeleton is divided into two parts: the axial skeleton (the skull, chest, and spinal column) and appendicular skeleton (arms and legs along with the shoulder and pelvic bones). ▪Ligaments are bands of tissue that connect two bones together. ▪Tendon attach muscles to bone. ▪Joints, also called articulations, are the places where bones come together. ▪Diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone ▪Epiphysis is the name given to each end of a long bone. ▪The epiphyseal plate is the growth area of a long bone. ▪Compact bone is hard, dense bone and makes up the diaphysis. ▪Spongy bone is mesh-like bone tissue and is found in the epiphyses  The axial skeleton The axial skeleton is composed of the bones of the cranium (head), thorax, and vertebral column. The six main cranial bones include the frontal bone; two parietal bones, one on each side; two temporal bones, on the sides of the head; and the occipital bone. The main facial bones are the nasal bone, zygomatic bones that form the cheeks, the maxilla (immovable upper jawbone), and the mandible (the movable lower jawbone).  The thoracic cage includes ▪the 12 thoracic vertebrae ▪12 ribs ▪costal (rib) cartilages ▪the sternum.  Disorders related to the skeletal system A sprain is a tear in a ligament or the fibrous tissue that connects bones. A fracture is a broken bone. A simple fracture (closed fracture)→no open skin. A compound fracture (open fracture)→ the broken bone protrudes through the skin ▪Osteomyelitis is bone inflammation ▪Osteoporosis is a decrease in bone density and mass. ▪Rickets is bone softening in children causing bowed legs ▪Osteomalacia is bone softening in adulthood causing bowed legs. ▪Osteosarcoma is a tumor of the bone ▪Chondrosarcoma is a tumor that arises in cartilage. ▪Arthritis is a general term used to denote joint inflammation. ▪Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) also results in inflammation but is an immunologic abnormality. ▪Orthopedics! The Muscular System fasci/o fibrous kine-, kinesi/o ligament/o fibr/o fiber hemi- half membrane movement ligament -paresis partial muscul/o para- -plegia my/o muscle or incomplete muscle alongside, near paralysis paralysis tend/o, quadri- four tendin/o ton/o tone tendon  Smooth muscle acts involuntarily, lines Cardiac muscle, also known as heart blood vessels, respiratory passageways, muscle, forms the wall of the heart. It acts the digestive tract, and walls of hollow involuntarily and has a lightly striated internal organs. Smooth muscle is also appearance. Cardiac muscle is responsible known as nonstriated muscle because it for the heart’s pumping action lacks the striped appearance that skeletal muscle has. Disorders related to the muscular system Myology is the branch of science concerned with study of muscles. Chronic skeletal muscle disorders include muscular dystrophy (MD), which is a hereditary, progressive degenerative disorder that causes skeletal muscle weakness. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an immunologic disorder characterized by fluctuating weakness, especially of the facial and external eye muscles. Fibromyalgia is a disorder characterized by widespread aching and stiffness of muscles and soft tissues, fatigue, tenderness, and sleep disorders. A common one is carpal tunnel syndrome, which is a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by compression of the median nerve in the wrist. Paralysis is the loss of voluntary muscle movement caused by injury or disease. Paresis is partial or incomplete paralysis. Hemiparesis: weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body Hemiplegia: total paralysis of one side of the body Paraplegia: paralysis of both legs and generally the lower trunk Quadriplegia: paralysis of all four extremities