Musculoskeletal Disorders Quiz

Medical Terminology

• The nervous system and the musculoskeletal system are key components of medical terminology.
• The nervous system coordinates both involuntary and voluntary actions.
• It works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis, which is equilibrium.
• The nervous system is divided into two main parts:
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. The PNS includes nerves.
• Efferent nerves (motor) transmit messages away from the CNS, and Afferent nerves (sensory) transmit messages towards CNS.

Nervous System - More Detail

• The ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) is involuntary.
• The ANS is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
• The sympathetic nervous system is associated with "fight or flight" responses.
• The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with "rest and digest".
• The Somatic Nervous System is voluntary.
• The Somatic Nervous System is connected to skeletal muscles. 
• The brain has several key structures, including the:
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pons
  • Medulla - The brain stem has a crucial role in vital functions like breathing and heart rate. 

Nervous System - Cells

• Nerve tissue is made up of neurons, which are the fundamental units.
• Neurons have three main parts:
  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
• The cell body contains the nucleus.
• Dendrites receive nerve impulses from other cells. 
• Axons send nerve impulses away from the cell body.
• Axons are coated with myelin.

Nervous System - Synapses & Groups

• Synapses are gaps between neurons or between a neuron & muscle.
• Neurotransmitters are chemicals used to transmit signals across synapses. 
• Ganglia are groups of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.
• Nuclei are groups of neuron cell bodies in the CNS. 
• Nerves are groupings of axons.

Nervous System - Word Roots

• Prefixes and suffixes are often combined to create medical terms related to the nervous system.

Nervous System - Disorders & Examples

• Trauma can cause TBI (traumatic brain injury).
• Concussions are a type of TBI.
• Stroke results from oxygen blockage in the brain.
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary blockage.
• Cerebral aneurysm is a widening of an artery.
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease.
• Parkinson's disease (PD) affects dopamine production.
• Alzheimer's disease (AD) leads to intellectual decline
• Seizures are uncontrolled electrical activity.
• Epilepsy is a chronic seizure disorder.
• Anxiety disorders are characterized by feelings of unease.
• Depression is characterized by loss of interest.
• Schizophrenia is characterized by abnormal thoughts, hallucinations, delusions and or withdrawal

Nervous System - Specialties

• Neurologists treat neurological disorders.
• Neurosurgeons perform surgeries on the nervous system.
• Psychiatrists treat behavioral and mental health disorders.

Skeletal System - Word Roots

• Prefixes and suffixes are often used in skeletal terms, including roots like:
• -algia (pain)
• -amphi (both sides)
• -ankylo (stiff)
• -arthr (joint)
• -brachi (arm)
• -calcane (heel)
• -car (wrist)
• -cephal(head)
• -chondr(cartilage)
• -cost(rib)
• -crani(skull)
• -dactyl(finger/toe)
• -femur(thighbone)
• -humer(arm bone)
• -kinesi(movement)
• -lumb (lower back)
• -malacia (softening)
• -meningi (membrane)
• -ment(referencing the mind)
• -my(muscle)
• -myel(spinal cord tissue)
• -orth(correct or straight),
• -oste(bone)
• -ped(foot)
• -pelv (pelvis)
• -phreni(mind)
• -schiz (split)
• -spondy (vertebra)
• -thorac(chest)
• -tend (tendon)

Skeletal System - Structure and Function

• The skeleton is made of approximately 206 bones divided into axial and appendicular.
• Ligaments connect bones, and tendons connect muscles to bones.
• Joints are where bones meet.
• Bones have different parts, including the diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends), and epiphyseal plate (growth plate).
• Bone tissue includes compact bone and spongy bone.

Skeletal System - Axial Skeleton

• Bones of the cranium (head), thorax, and vertebral column form the axial skeleton.
• Cranium includes the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones. 
• Facial bones include the nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, and mandible.
• Thoracic cage has the 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 ribs, and the sternum.

Skeletal System - Disorders

• Sprains are ligament tears.
• Fractures are broken bones (simple/closed, compound/open).
• Osteomyelitis is bone inflammation. 
• Osteoporosis is low bone density. 
• Rickets and osteomalacia are bone softening conditions.
• Osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma are bone and cartilage tumors.
• Arthritis is joint inflammation, of several types. 

Muscular System - Word Roots 

• fasci/o (fibrous membrane)
• fibr/o (fiber)
• hemi- (half)
• kine/o (movement)
• ligament/o (ligament)
• muscul (muscle)
• my/o (muscle)
• para- (alongside or near)
• paresis (partial paralysis)
• plegia (paralysis) 
• quadri- (four)
• tendin/o/tendon
• ton/o- (tone)

Muscular System - Tissue Types

• Smooth muscle is involuntary, found in organs like the digestive system and blood vessels. 
• Cardiac muscle is involuntary and forms the heart. 
• Skeletal muscle is voluntary. 

Muscular System - Diseases

• Myology is the study of muscles.
• Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an immune system disorder affecting muscles. 
• Fibromyalgia is chronic pain in the muscles and soft tissues.
• Musclar dystrophy (MD) is a hereditary disorder causing muscle weakness

Muscular System - Paralysis

• Paralysis is complete loss of voluntary movement in muscles. 
• Paresis is partial or incomplete loss of this movement.
• Hemiparesis is one side of the body, hemiplegia is total paralysis on one side. 
• Paraplegia is both legs, quadriplegia is all four limbs.