Public Health Lecture Notes PDF

PUBH115 PUBLIC HEALTH DR. AMINA RAZA KHAN [email protected] Introduction to Public health  Lecture 1  Week 1 What is Health ?  Public Health Defined “The science and art of preventing...

PUBH115 PUBLIC HEALTH DR. AMINA RAZA KHAN [email protected] Introduction to Public health  Lecture 1  Week 1 What is Health ?  Public Health Defined “The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities, and individuals.” —CEA Winslow Photo: IF Fisher and EL Fisk Winslow CEA. The untilled field of public health. Mod Med 1920;2:183–91. What is Public Health ? The Mission of Public Health “Fulfilling society’s interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy.” —Institute of Medicine “Public health aims to provide maximum benefit for the largest number of people.” —World Health Organization  Public Health Key Terms clinical care: prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by medical and allied health professions; also known as health care. determinant: factor that contributes to the generation of a trait. epidemic or outbreak: occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related event clearly in excess of normal expectancy. Both terms are used interchangeably; however, epidemic usually refers to a larger geographic distribution of illness or health-related events. health outcome: result of a medical condition that directly affects the length or quality of a person’s life. Stedman TL, ed. Stedman’s medical dictionary. 28th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins; 2006. Farlex, Inc. The free dictionary. Huntingdon Valley, PA: Farlex, Inc.; 2014. Available at: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/. 7 The History of Public Health  Sanitation and Environmental Health 500 BCE 1840s 1970 Greeks and Romans The Public Health The Environmental practice community Act of 1848 was Protection Agency sanitation measures established in the was founded United Kingdom  Pandemics Influenza Polio HI V 500 million infected Vaccine introduced 34 million living with worldwide in 1918 in 1955; eradication HIV worldwide; 20% initiative launched in decline in new 1988 infections since 2001 Pandemics COVID-19  Public Health and Pandemics  Events of Covid 19 highlighted the importance of public health.  Public health response to disasters, natural and man-made, helps to control the damage and to prevent further harm to survivors and rescuers.  Public health response to Pandemic was essentially the same as needed for other disasters, such as factory explosions and plane crashes and bioterrorism.  Bioterrorism is recognized primarily through classic public health measures similar to those used for natural epidemics.  The threat of bioterrorism and Pandemic did more to teach the public about public health than any educational program.  Preparedness for Disaster Response Biologic September Hurricane Warfare 2001 Katrina Plague used as a Public health Emergency services, weapon of war during surveillance public health the Siege of Kaffa conducted after surveillance, and the 9/11 attacks disease treatment provided  Prevention Through Policy Book Tobacco of Leviticus Laws Obesity The world’s Laws banning smoking Food labeling and first written in public places promotion of physical health code activity Core Functions and Essential Services of Public Health Three Core Functions of Public Health Systematically collect, analyze, Assessment and make available information on healthy communities Policy Promote the use of a Development scientific knowledge base in policy and decision making Assurance Ensure provision of services to those in need Institute of Medicine. The future of public health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1988. Ten Essential Public Health Services 1. Monitor Health 2. Diagnose and Investigate 3. Inform, Educate, Empower 4. Mobilize Community Partnership 5. Develop Policies 6. Enforce Laws 7. Link to/Provide Care 8. Assure a Competent Workforce 9. Evaluate 10. Research 17 Core Functions at Government Levels Policy Assessmen Development Assurance t Federal National tobacco Smoking ban Federal grants public health on commercial for antismoking surveillance flights research State Monitor state Increase Funding for campaign tobacco use tobacco tax through Proposition 99 Resources to help Local Report on local County laws smokers quit tobacco use prohibiting in multiple smoking in bars languages 18 Public Health Core Sciences 19 Stakeholder Roles in Public Health  Partners in the Public Health System Clinical Care Community Delivery System Government Ensuring the Conditions Employers Public Health for Population Health and Businesses Infrastructure Academia The Media Institute of Medicine. The future of the public's health in the 21st century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2002. 21  Other Partners in Public Health Vehicle for public discourse Media Health education and promotion Health communication Social media as catalyst Employer-sponsored health Employers insurance programs and Businesses Wellness initiatives and benefits Healthy workplaces and communities City planning Government Education Agencies Health in all policies Education Training Academia Research Public Service 22 Determining and Influencing the Public’s Health  Health Determinants Genes and biology Health behaviors Social or societal characteristics Health services or medical care Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Social determinants of health. http://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/FAQ.html. What Determines the Health of a Population? Genes and Biology Social/Societal Characteristics; Total Ecology Health Behaviors Medical Care Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Social determinants of health. http://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/FAQ.html.  Health Impact Pyramid Frieden TR. Framework for public health action: the health impact pyramid. Am J Public Health 2010;100:590–5.  Health Impact Pyramid Frieden TR. Framework for public health action: the health impact pyramid. Am J Public Health 2010;100:590–5.  Public Health Versus Medical  Care In medicine, the patient is the individual; in public health, the patient is the community.  Public health diagnoses the health of the community using public health sciences.  Treatment of a community involves new policies and interventions.  Goal of medicine is to cure; goal of public health is to prevent disease and disability.  Less than 3% of the nation’s total health spending is devoted to public health.  Life expectancy of Americans has increased by 30 years over the 20th century, and only 5 of the 30 years are attributed to modern medicine. Public Health Versus Medical Care