Lec-1 Introduction to Medical Microbiology PDF

Lec-1 Introduction to Medical Microbiology By Dr. Hanadi Abdulqader Medical Microbiology 16th Sep. 2024 Learning Objectives of the Lecture To be familiar with general definitions of Medical Microbiology. To understand the main terms, concepts, an...

Lec-1 Introduction to Medical Microbiology By Dr. Hanadi Abdulqader Medical Microbiology 16th Sep. 2024 Learning Objectives of the Lecture To be familiar with general definitions of Medical Microbiology. To understand the main terms, concepts, and keys of host pathogen relationship To know the importance of. medical microbiology in medicine field. To know the outline of incoming lectures.  What is Microbiology? Microbiology is the science (logos) of small (micro) life (bios), or the study of living things so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. Medical Microbiology: Is the study of the causative agents of infectious diseases to human and the reactions to such infection. Understanding this field is essential for identifying the causes of infectious diseases and finding ways to treat, control, and prevent them. Med. Microbiology Contain: 1 Bacteria-----Bacteriology Prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus, existing in various shapes like cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. 2 Viruses-----Virology Acellular microorganisms requiring a host cell to replicate, responsible for diseases like influenza and HIV/AIDS. Fungi------Mycology 3 Eukaryotic organisms including yeasts and molds, causing infections ranging from athlete's foot to systemic infections. Protozoa- & Helminthes------Parasitology 4 Protozoa: Single-celled eukaryotes, often parasitic, causing diseases like malaria and amoebiasis. Helminthes: parasitic worms, including roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes. 5 Immunity-----Immunology Mechanisms of body protection against pathogenic microorganisms and other foreign substances.  Host-Pathogen Relationship Pathogenicity Virulence Opportunistic Infections The ability of a microbe to The degree of pathogenicity or Occur when a normally harmless cause disease. severity of the disease caused by the microbe causes disease in a host microbe. with a weakened immune system. Symbiotic effect: Many of these microbes are beneficial or neutral, forming symbiotic relationships with our body. For example, gut bacteria help in digesting complex carbohydrates and synthesizing vitamins. The immune system plays a critical role in protecting the host from infection through both innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) responses. Transmission and Spread of Infectious Diseases Direct Contact Person-to-person or through bodily fluids. Indirect Contact Through contaminated objects or surfaces. Airborne Transmission Via respiratory droplets or aerosols. Vector-borne Transmission Insects like mosquitoes and ticks transmit diseases. Waterborne and Foodborne Transmission Through contaminated water or food. Importance of Medical Microbiology in Medicine Diagnosis Identifying the microorganism responsible for an infection using techniques like microscopy, culture, and molecular methods. Treatment Developing and administering antimicrobial therapies, such as antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitic drugs. Prevention Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent infectious diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases and Global Challenges Environmental changes Increased human travel and trade Antimicrobial resistance Animal-to-human (zoonotic) transmission Laboratory Techniques in Medical Microbiology Cultivation Growing microorganisms in controlled environments to identify and study them. Microscopy Observing microorganisms directly using various types of microscopes. Molecular Methods Techniques like PCR used for the rapid identification of microbial DNA or RNA. Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing Determining the most effective antibiotics for treating bacterial infections. Recent infections in the world: Historical Overview of Medical Microbiology…(Pioneers) 1 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek First to observe and describe microorganisms using a microscope, often regarded as the father of microbiology. 2 Louis Pasteur Demonstrated that microorganisms are responsible for fermentation and spoilage, laying the foundation for microbiology. 3 Robert Koch Developed Koch's postulates, criteria for establishing a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease. 4 Alexander Fleming Discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, revolutionizing the treatment of bacterial infections.  References 1- Jawetz in Medical Microbiology.”28th edition.” 2- Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology." 3- CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 4-World Health Organization (WHO). 5- Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology." 13th edition, Mosby (Elsevier), 2020.