LEC 1 CMPM LECTURE (2019).pdf

LECTURE NOTES IN CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT PREPARED AND COMPILED BY: ENGR. FROILAN P. NEY, MEng ASSISTANT PROF. 2 1  LECTURE CONTENTS Topic...

LECTURE NOTES IN CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT PREPARED AND COMPILED BY: ENGR. FROILAN P. NEY, MEng ASSISTANT PROF. 2 1  LECTURE CONTENTS Topic Pages I. INTRODUCTION 3 II. CONTRACTS AND SPECIFICATION 14 III. CONSTRUCTION PROJECT ORGANIZATION 22 IV. PLANNING AND SCHEDULING 31 V. CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE AND VALUE ENGINEERING 52 VI. CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND OPERATION 58 1. Clearing the site 58 2. Locating the structure 60 3. Earthmoving 61 4. Stabilizing earth and structure 64 5. Setting Foundation 65 6. Building Superstructure 72 7. Installing Utilities 79 8. Enclosing Frame superstructures 86 9. Finishing the project 93 VII. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 103 VIII. CONSTRUCTON MANPOWER SAFETY 117 IX. COMPUTER APPLICATION IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 122 X. CONSTRUCTION RECORDS 125 XI. CONSTRUCTION FIELDWORKS 129 XII. CONSTRUCTION DISPUTES 132 2  LECTURE I INTRODUCTION CONSTRUCTION METHOD - The procedures and techniques utilized during construction. Construction operations are generally classified according to specialized fields. These include preparation of the project site, earth-moving, foundation treatment, steel erection, concrete placement, asphalt paving, and electrical and mechanical installations. Procedures for each of these fields are generally the same, even when applied to different projects, such as buildings, dams, or airports. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION METHOD 1. Traditional/Conventional Construction Method 2. Advanced/Modern Construction Method TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION METHOD Definition Traditional construction refers to the methods and techniques employed for centuries to build houses and other structures. In the United States, builders sometimes refer to traditional construction methods as "brick- and-mortar." Some developers call traditional methods "stick by stick." This terminology refers to the fact that traditional construction methods, from the early design to the building process, are hands on. Materials A variety of materials can be used in the traditional construction process, from concrete floor slabs to brick walls. Concrete blocks are often used in building foundations or for load bearing walls due to their high level of strength and durability. Similar to concrete blocks, lightweight aerated block, also known as aircrete block, is available. Aerated block can also be used for building foundations and walls, but has a higher level of insulation. 3 Advantage The advantage of traditional construction techniques, particularly in housing construction, but also in industrial building, is the level of uniqueness achieved. When working with an architect, a consumer has choice and freedom to modify; the architect has the option of creativity. When more modern construction techniques are utilised, most homes are built in a similar style. In the case of modular homes, the components are fabricated at a factory to be constructed on site quickly. The use of traditional construction techniques often results in a sturdier home of higher quality. Disadvantages The disadvantage of using traditional methods of construction for housing and other building is that the process takes longer. The construction process is more involved and can require hiring higher-skilled designers and builders. This can add significant construction costs; materials and labour are more expensive. MODERN CONSTRUCTION METHOD Modern construction method is defined as those which provide an efficient product management process to provide more products of better quality in less time. It has been defined in various ways: pre-fabrication, off-site production and off-site manufacturing (OSM). 4 Modern methods of construction fall into the following categories: 1. Off-site Manufacture (OSM): The part of the production process that is carried out away from the building site in factory conditions. Examples include: a) Panel Building Systems: These comprise of walls, floors and roofs in the form of a pre-engineered panels that are erected on site to form the box like elements of the structure that then require various levels of finishing. The most common approach is to use open panels or frames which consist of skeletal structure only with services, insulation, external cladding and internal finishing occurring on- site. b) Volumetric (also known as Modular Construction): Units are used to form the structure of the building, thereby enclosing the usable space. Typically, modular construction means that between 80 to 95 per cent of the building-come-manufacturing process is completed at the factory and then delivered to the site for final assembly. This process involves connecting the completed modules to each other on site. Prefabricated modules are often referred as pods and are factory finished internally, complete with mechanical and electrical services c) Hybrid (also known as Semi-Volumetric): This method combines panellised and volumetric methods of construction and frequently includes the use of pods. The hybrid approach can be used to bring flexibility to the development and can also reduce uniformity of design. 5  d) Sub-Assemblies and Components: These methods, although predominantly traditional, utilise factory fabricated sub assemblies or components. This includes floor or roof cassettes and pre-cast concrete foundation assemblies. 2. Non Off-site Manufacture: This approach encompasses building techniques and structural systems that cannot be placed in the category of off-site manufacture. The main characteristic of these methods is that of innovation. This could be through an innovative non OSM building technique or through the use of a method of construction that has been used in other industries, but not house building. By way of illustration, examples of non OSM include: a) Tunnel Form: Tunnel form is evolving into one of the most frequently used methods of cellular construction as its cost effectiveness, productivity and quality benefits are being realized on a variety of developments. Tunnel form is particularly suitable for repetitive cellular projects such as hotels, apartment blocks and student accommodation. Structures of up to 40 or more storeys in height can be built using his technique. Tunnel form simplifies the construction process by making possible a smooth and quick operation that can result in costs being reduced by 15 per cent and time savings of up to 25 per cent. 6  b) Thin-Joint Masonry: Thin-joint masonry is a quick, clean and accurate method that aircrete blocks, which are manufactured to extremely precise standards in terms of size and shape, and a thin layer of mortar. Thin joint combines reduced build times with greater flexibility of aircrete construction, such as ease of handling, working and finishing. It can also result in cost savings, facilitate improved build quality and reduce wastage. PROJECT MANAGEMENT - is the application of knowledge, skills and techniques to execute projects effectively and efficiently. It’s a strategic competency for organizations, enabling them to tie project results to business goals — and thus, better compete in their markets. Project management processes fall into five groups: Initiating Planning Executing Monitoring and Controlling Closing Importance of Project Management Provides structure that promotes success. Saves: money, time, & resources Promotes good communication. Keeps the focus on goals and outcomes. PROJECT is a collection of linked activities, carried out in an organized manner with a clearly defined start point and finish point, to achieve some specific results that satisfy the needs of an organization as derived from current business plan. A project is defined, whether it is in construction or not, by the following characteristics: - A defined goal or objective. - Specific tasks to be performed. - A defined beginning and end. - Resources being consumed. 7 Major Types of Construction Projects In planning for various types of construction, the methods of procuring professional services, awarding construction contracts, and financing the constructed facility can be quite different. The broad spectrum of constructed facilities may be classified into four major categories, each with its own characteristics. 1. Residential housing construction includes houses and high-rise apartments. During the development and construction of such projects, the developers usually serve as surrogate owners and take charge, making necessary contractual agreements for design and construction, and arranging the financing and sale of the completed structures. Residential housing designs are usually performed by architects and engineers, and the construction executed by builders who hire subcontractors for the structural, mechanical, electrical and other specialty work. 2. Institutional and commercial building encompasses a great variety of project types and sizes, such as schools and universities, medical centers and hospitals, sports facilities, shopping centers, warehouses and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels. The owners of such buildings may or may not be familiar with construction industry practices, but they usually are able to select competent professional consultants and arrange the financing of the constructed facilities themselves. Specialty architects and engineers are often engaged for designing a specific type of building, while the builders or general contractors undertaking such projects may also be specialized in only that type of building. 3. Specialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects with a high degree of technological complexity, such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants and coal- fired or nuclear power plants. The owners usually are deeply involved in the development of a project, and prefer to work with designers-builders such that the total time for the completion of the project can be shortened. They also want to pick a team of designers and builders with whom the owner has developed good working relations over the years. 4. Infrastructure and heavy construction includes projects such as highways, tunnels, bridges, pipelines, drainage systems and sewage treatment plants. Most of these projects are publicly owned and therefore financed either through bonds or taxes. This category of construction is characterized by a high degree of mechanization, which has gradually replaced some labor intensive operations. Construction Projects Participants A. The Owner The owner is the individual or organization for whom a project is to be built under a contract. The owner owns and finances the project. Depending on the owners’ capabilities, they may handle all or portions of planning, project management, design, engineering, procurement, and construction. The owner engages architects, engineering firms, and contractors as necessary to accomplish the desired work. Two types of owner 1. Public owners are public bodies of some kind ranging from agencies from the country level to the municipal level. Most public projects or facilities are built for public use and not sold to others. 2. Private owners may be individuals, partnerships, corporations. Most private owners have facilities or projects built for their own use or to be sold, operated, leased, or rented to others. 8 B. The Design Professionals 1. Architect: An architect is an individual who plans and design buildings and their associated landscaping. Architects mostly rely on consulting engineers for structural, electrical, and mechanical work. 2. Engineer: The term engineer usually refers to an individual or a firm engaged in the design or other work associated with the design or construction. Design engineers are usually classified as civil, electrical, mechanical depending upon their specialty. There are also scheduling, estimating, cost, and construction engineers. a. The structural engineer acts as an advisor to the architect on all structural problems such as stability of the structure, suitability of materials proposed, structural feasibility of the proposed design and sizes of structural members for a construction project. In addition, the structural engineer performs structural design and supervises his or her specialist area of the construction project during production on site. b. The services engineers (plumbing, electrical, heating and ventilating, air conditioning, sanitation, lifts and escalators and so on) contribute to the building design process to ensure that thermal and visual comfort are achieved effectively. For this reason, they analyze the client's requirement and priorities and advise the architect on the most appropriate design solution. They prepare diagrams of their proposals or services layout of the proposed construction project on the separate drawings c. The quantity surveyor is responsible for the study of the economies and financial implications of a construction project and, hence, he or she would be the appropriate construction professional to advise client/architect on matters relating to the economies and cost of a proposed construction project. C. Engineering-Construction Firm: An engineering-construction firm is a type of organization the combines both architect/engineering and construction contracting. This type of company has the ability of executing a complete design-build sequence. 9  D. The Construction Professionals The Constructions Professional are the parties that responsible for constructing the project. In traditional management where the owner, design professional, and contractors are separate companies, the contractor would be termed a Prime Contractor. The Prime Contractor is responsible for delivering a complete project in accordance with the contract documents. In most cases, the prime contractor divides the work among many specialty contractors called subcontractors. E. The Project Manager The Project Manager is the individual charged with the overall coordination of the entire construction program for the owner. These include planning, design, procurement, and construction. Among his/her duties: Clear definitions of the goals of the project. Investigate alternative solutions for the problems. Develop a detailed plan to make the selected program reality. Implement the plan and control the project. 10  Owner/Client Project Manager Design Construction Facility Professionals Professionals Management Conceptual Advanced Detailed Construction Termination Operational Design Development Design F. Construction Manager The construction manager is a specialized firm or organization which administrates the on-site erection activities and the consulting services required by the owner from planning through design and construction to commissioning. The construction manager is responsible for design coordination, proper selection of materials and methods of construction, contracts preparation for award, cost and scheduling information and control. 11 Differences between Project Manager and Construction Manager The main difference between these two roles is the level of authority. The construction manager directly oversees the day-to-day construction activities, while the project manager might supervise the construction manager. The project manager has more authority and responsibility than a construction manager typically does because he leads and motivates a team of managers or workers. The project manager oversees a project from inception to completion, while the construction manager is involved with just the construction phase. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Construction management refer to the contractual arrangement under which a firm supplies construction management services to an owner. However, in its more common use, it refers to the act of managing construction process. The construction manager , who may be a contractor, project manager, superintendent, or one of their representatives, manages the basic resources of construction. These resources include workers and subcontractors, equipment and construction plant, material, money (income, expenditure, and cash flow) and time. Poor construction management practices often result in one or more of the ff; Project delays that increase labor and equipment cost High material cost caused by poor purchasing procedures Increased subcontractor cost and poor subcontractor relations High insurances costs resulting from a poor safety record Low profit margin or loss on construction volume. 12 Organization for construction 13