Lec 03 - Skeletal Systems (1) PDF

(3) ‫ ﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬- ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ واﻟﻔﺳﻠﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ دﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫ زﯾد زﯾﺎد‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ ﻡ‬:‫ﻣدرس اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻡ ھﻧدﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ The skeletal system The skeletal s...

(3) ‫ ﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬- ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ واﻟﻔﺳﻠﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ دﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫ زﯾد زﯾﺎد‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ ﻡ‬:‫ﻣدرس اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻡ ھﻧدﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ The skeletal system The skeletal system contain 206 separated bone. The skeletal system includes the bones of the skeleton and the cartilages, joints, ligaments, and other connective tissues that stabilize or connect them. This system has five primary functions:- 1- support; it provides structural support for the entire body. 2- storage; the calcium and phosphate. In addition, bones store energy reserves as lipids in areas filled with yellow marrow. 3-Blood cell production; red blood cells, white blood cells, and other blood elements are produced within the bone marrow. 4-Protection;soft tissues and organs are often surrounded by skeletal elements The structure of bone The bone is a supporting connective tissue that contain specialized cells and a matrix consisting of extracellular protein fiber and ground substance. The bones have four general shape - Long (femur) -short (ankle, carpal) - flat ( frontal cranium, sternum) - irregular (Vertebra) -Sesamoid (patella) Two type of bones structure are exist: - compact bone (solid). - spongy bone (cancellous) a network of bone rods separated by space. - bone marrow also known as myeloid tissue. The cells in bone Osteocytes , Osteoclasts and osteoblasts. 1 (3) ‫ ﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬- ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ واﻟﻔﺳﻠﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ دﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫ زﯾد زﯾﺎد‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ ﻡ‬:‫ﻣدرس اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻡ ھﻧدﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ Requirements for normal bone growth and maintenance - calcium and phosphate salts, the body must be able to absorb and transport these minerals to sites of bone formation. - Vitamins D3, A, C. - Hormones including growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormone, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin hormone. Injury and repair of bone Bone fractures develops when bones are subjected to extreme loads. Bone will heal even after they have been severely damaged by 4 steps, if the periosteum & edosteum are survive : Step 1- formation of fracture hematoma. Step 2- formation of internal and external callus. Step3- osteoblasts replace the new central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone. Step 4- the remodeling process of spongy bone at the site of fracture which may continue over a period of 4 months to well over a year. Skeletal divisions The skeletal system consists of 206 separated bones and divided in: 1 axial divisions. 2 - appendicular divisions. The axial skeleton form longitudinal axis of the body, contain 80 bones: 1- skull (22 bones)+ 7 associated bone( auditory ossicles, hyoid bone) 2- thoracic cage, (24 ribs, and the sternum). 3- vertebral column (26 bones) 2- appendicular skeleton: includes bones of limbs and those of pectoral & pelvic girdles, which attach limbs to the trunk. 2 (3) ‫ ﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬- ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ واﻟﻔﺳﻠﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ دﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫ زﯾد زﯾﺎد‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ ﻡ‬:‫ﻣدرس اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻡ ھﻧدﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ There are 126 appendicular bones: -32 bones for each upper limbs. -31 bones for each lower limbs. The axial division function: 1- creates framework that supports and protects organ systems in the brain and spinal cavities, and ventral body cavities. 2- it provides an extensive surface for the attachment of muscles. 1-The skull The skull made up of 22 bones divided in: - 8 bones form the cranium. - 14 bones are associated with the face. 1- Cranium bones consist of (8 bones): 1- frontal bone; form the forhead 2- parietal bone; form the both sides and upper walls of the cranium. 3- temporal bone, form the both sides and base of cranium and contain auditory system. 4-Occipital bone; form the back and base of cranium. They connect together by immovable sutures. 3  (3) ‫ ﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬- ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ واﻟﻔﺳﻠﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ دﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫ زﯾد زﯾﺎد‬.‫ﻡ‬.‫ ﻡ‬:‫ﻣدرس اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻡ ھﻧدﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ 2- The facial bones (14 bones) : 1- maxillae; form the upper jaw. 2- mandible; form the lower jaw 2- Appendicular divisions: 1- Upper limbs: consist from: ž - pectoral girdle contain clavicle and scapula bones. ž - limb bones, in each limb exist; humerus, radius, ulnae. (8)Carpal bones, (5)metacarpal bones, (14)phalanges ( proximal, middle, distal). 2-Lower limbs consist from: -Pelvic girdle, consist from coxal (hipe) bone. ž -Lower limb, in each limb exist; femur, tibia, fibula, (7)tarsal bones, (5)metatarsal bones, (14)phalanges ( proximal, middle, distal). , patella. Figure 2 axial skeleton Figure 1 The appendicular skeleton 4