Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Thirteenth Edition Chapter 5 The Skeletal System Lecture Presentation by Shannon Davidson – Fa...

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Thirteenth Edition Chapter 5 The Skeletal System Lecture Presentation by Shannon Davidson – Fanshawe College Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system – Bones (skeleton) – Joints – Cartilages – Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton 1. Axial skeleton 2. Appendicular skeleton Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Functions of the Bones Support the body Protection of soft organs – Skull and vertebrae protect brain and spinal cord – Rib cage protects thoracic cavity organs Allow movement via attached muscles Store minerals and fats – Calcium and phosphorus – Fat in the internal marrow cavity Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Classification of Bones (1 of 6) The adult skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of osseous (bone) tissue 1. Compact bone ▪ Dense, smooth, and homogeneous 2. Spongy bone ▪ Small needlelike pieces of bone ▪ Many open spaces Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.1 Flat Bones Consist of a Layer of Spongy Bone Sandwiched Between Two Thin Layers of Compact Bone Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Classification of Bones (2 of 6) Bones are classified on the basis of shape into four groups – Long – Flat – Short – Irregular Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.2 Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Classification of Bones (3 of 6) Long bones – Typically longer than they are wide – Shaft with enlarged ends – Contain mostly compact bone; spongy bone at ends – All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones) are long bones – Examples: ▪ Femur ▪ Humerus Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.2a Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Classification of Bones (4 of 6) Flat bones – Thin, flattened, and usually curved – Two thin layers of compact bone sandwich a layer of spongy bone between them – Examples: ▪ Most bones of the skull ▪ Ribs ▪ Sternum Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.2b Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Classification of Bones (5 of 6) Short bones – Generally cube-shaped – Contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone – Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone that form within tendons (patella) – Examples: ▪ Carpals (wrist bones) ▪ Tarsals (ankle bones) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.2c Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Classification of Bones (6 of 6) Irregular bones – Irregular shape – Do not fit into other bone classification categories – Examples: ▪ Vertebrae ▪ Hip bones Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.2d Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Classification of Bones Let's review with a video.... Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Concept Link 1 As we learn about the structure and organization of bones, remember the levels of structural organization (Figure 1.1, p. 3). Bones are organs, so they contain not only osseous tissue but also other connective tissues: fibrous tissue, cartilage, adipose tissue, and blood. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Structure of Bone (1 of 10) Long bone anatomy – Diaphysis (shaft) ▪ Makes up most of bone’s length ▪ Composed of compact bone – Periosteum ▪ Outside covering of the diaphysis ▪ Fibrous connective tissue membrane ▪ Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.3a The Structure of a Long Bone (Humerus of Arm) (1 of 3) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.3c The Structure of a Long Bone (Humerus of Arm) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Structure of Bone (2 of 10) Long bone anatomy – Epiphysis (ends) ▪ Composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by thin layer of compact bone – Articular cartilage ▪ Covers the external surface of the epiphyses ▪ Made of hyaline cartilage ▪ Decreases friction at joint surfaces Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.3b The Structure of a Long Bone (Humerus of Arm) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Structure of Bone (3 of 10) Long bone anatomy – Epiphyseal line ▪ Remnant of the epiphyseal plate ▪ Seen in adult bones – Epiphyseal plate ▪ Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone ▪ Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.3a The Structure of a Long Bone (Humerus of Arm) (2 of 3) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Structure of Bone (4 of 10) Long bone anatomy – Endosteum ▪ Lines the inner surface of the shaft ▪ Made of connective tissue – Medullary cavity ▪ Cavity inside the shaft ▪ Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults ▪ Contains red marrow for blood cell formation until age 6 or 7 Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.3a The Structure of a Long Bone (Humerus of Arm) (3 of 3) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Structure of Bone Let's review a video for better understanding... Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Structure of Bone (5 of 10) Bone markings – Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments – Passages for nerves and blood vessels Categories of bone markings – Projections or processes—grow out from the bone surface ▪ All projections begin with “T” – Depressions or cavities—indentations ▪ All depressions begin with “F” (except facet) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 5.1 Bone Markings (1 of 3) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 5.1 Bone Markings (2 of 3) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 5.1 Bone Markings (3 of 3) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bone Markings... Why learning markings is important & how to simplify it. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Structure of Bone (10 of 10) Bone is relatively lightweight and resists tension and other forces Organic parts (collagen fibers) make bone flexible and have great tensile strength (stretch without breaking) Calcium salts deposited in the bone make bone hard (resists compression) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Axial & Appendicular Skeleton Let's preview before we dive in.... Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal axis of the body 80 separate bones Divided into three parts 1. Skull 2. Vertebral column 3. Bony thorax Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Concept Link 2 Recall the regional body terms you have already learned (look back at Figure 1.4, p. 13). Many of these terms can be associated with a bone name or group of bones. For example, the carpal region is the location of the carpals, or wrist bones. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.8a The Human Skeleton (1 of 2) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.8b The Human Skeleton (1 of 2) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Skull (1 of 5) Two sets of bones form the skull 1. Cranium bones enclose the brain 2. Facial bones ▪ Hold eyes in anterior position ▪ Allow facial muscles to express feelings Bones are joined by sutures (immovable joints) Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint Also, the hyoid bone in the throat Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.9 Human Skull, Lateral View Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Vertebral Column (Spine) (1 of 3) Vertebral column provides axial support – Extends from skull to the pelvis 26 vertebral bones are separated by intervertebral discs – 7 cervical vertebrae are in the neck – 12 thoracic vertebrae are in the chest region – 5 lumbar vertebrae are associated with the lower back – Sacrum (formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae) – Coccyx (formed by fusion of 3–5 vertebrae) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.15 The Vertebral Column Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Vertebral Column (Spine) (3 of 3) Common features of vertebrae – Body (centrum) – Vertebral arch ▪ Pedicle ▪ Lamina – Vertebral foramen – Transverse processes – Spinous process – Superior and inferior articular processes Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.17 A Typical Vertebra, Superior View Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.18a Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.18b Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.18c Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.18d Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.19 Sacrum and Coccyx, Posterior View Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Characteristics of Vertebrae Let's recap with another video... Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Thoracic Cage Bony thorax, or thoracic cage, protects organs of the thoracic cavity Consists of three parts 1. Sternum 2. Ribs ▪ True ribs (pairs 1–7) ▪ False ribs (pairs 8–12) ▪ Floating ribs (pairs 11–12) 3. Thoracic vertebrae Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.20a The Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Rib Landmarks Let's take a look.... Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Appendicular Skeleton Composed of 126 bones – Limbs (appendages) – Pectoral girdle – Pelvic girdle Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.8a The Human Skeleton (2 of 2) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.8b The Human Skeleton (2 of 2) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Also called pectoral girdle Composed of two bones that attach the upper limb to the axial skeletal 1. Clavicle 2. Scapula Light, poorly reinforced girdle Allows the upper limb a exceptional flexibility Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.21a Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.21b Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.21c Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.21d Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Upper Limbs Let's preview.... Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Upper Limbs (1 of 3) Humerus – Forms the arm – Single bone – Proximal end articulation ▪ Head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula – Distal end articulation ▪ Trochlea and capitulum articulate with the bones of the forearm Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.22a Bones of the Right Arm and Forearm Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.22b Bones of the Right Arm and Forearm Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Upper Limbs (2 of 3) The forearm has two bones 1. Ulna—medial bone in anatomical position ▪ Proximal end articulation – Coronoid process and olecranon articulate with the humerus 2. Radius—lateral bone in anatomical position ▪ Proximal end articulation – Head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.22c Bones of the Right Arm and Forearm Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Upper Limbs (3 of 3) Hand – Carpals—wrist bones ▪ 8 bones arranged in two rows of 4 bones in each hand – Metacarpals—palm bones ▪ 5 per hand – Phalanges—fingers and thumb ▪ 14 phalanges in each hand ▪ In each finger, there are 3 bones ▪ In the thumb, there are only 2 bones Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.23 Bones of the Right Hand, Anterior View Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved