Learning Part 1 Overheads F24 PDF

Learning { Ch. 6   Midterm 1 marks – I have 3 classes writing 3 different midterms all at the same time.  Midterm marks will be posted within 2 weeks of writing the midterm.  Applied Activity on classical conditioning  Open today, closes before 1...

Learning { Ch. 6   Midterm 1 marks – I have 3 classes writing 3 different midterms all at the same time.  Midterm marks will be posted within 2 weeks of writing the midterm.  Applied Activity on classical conditioning  Open today, closes before 11:59 pm on Wednesday (Oct. 9)  Quiz 3 (Brain and the Nervous Systems) due by Sunday, Oct. 13, 11:59 pm Announcements  Observational definitions  What is learning?  Classical conditioning  Operational conditioning  Cognitive & social factors ❑ A single nauseating meal can give rise to a taste aversion that lasts for years. ❑ Psychologists helped a young boy overcome his fear of rabbits by having him eat cookies while a rabbit was brought closer and closer. ❑ Slot-machine players pop coins into the machines most rapidly when they have no idea when they might win. Did You Know? ❑ You can train a rat to climb a ramp, cross a bridge, climb a ladder, pedal a toy car, and do several other tasks—all in proper sequence. ❑ Children who had observed aggressive adults showed significantly more aggressive behaviour than others who had not. Did You Know?  What is an operational definition?  a description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured.  For example, the operational definition of anxiety could be in terms of a test score, withdrawal from a situation, or activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Operational definition  How do I write one?  Writing an operational definition requires breaking a behavior down into its most basic components  while withholding assumptions about intent emotion etc. Operational definition  Example of an operational definition: “Hitting”  is defined as striking any individual with one's body part or an object in the absence of directions to do so Operational definition  Include examples and non examples:  an example of hitting would be using a piece of newspaper to strike a pier and  A non-example of hitting would be playing tag Operational definition  How would you operationalize “learning” int the following situations?  Rats learning a maze?  Your dog learning how to behave in obedience school?  Your grade school child learning spellings for the Spelling Test in class tomorrow?  Learning how to ride a bike? Operational definition So, how do we operationalize learning? { What is learning?  Your kitten sniffs a lit candle, singes her What is learning? 1. whiskers, and avoids candles in the future 2. A beaver builds a dam 3. An innovative chess program is programmed to remember and adapt to strategies used by human opponents in future games 4. As it grows, a plant leans toward the light from a window 5. You hear a loud noise and jump in alarm 6. You are nearly hit by a car crossing the crosswalk (on the Bedford Hwy) at the university. Now, every time you cross there, you worry What is Learning? A relatively permanent change in behaviour, capabilities, or knowledge that arises from practice or experience ❑ Acquired through experience. ❑ Cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation.   What is learning?  Classical conditioning  Pavlov’s dogs  Stimulus / response  Little Albert  Peter the Fearless  Influential factors Next class:  Operant conditioning Today…  Classical Conditioning ❑ One of simplest forms of learning. ❑ Learning in which an association is formed between two stimuli. ❑ Powerful effect on our attitudes, likes, dislikes, emotional responses. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.  ❑ Any event or object in environment to which an organism responds. ❑ Examples: sound, light, touch, etc. ❑ Plural of stimulus is stimuli. Stimulus/Stimuli  Reflex Unconditioned Reflex Involuntary response to stimulus. Salivation to food. Startle response to loud noise  Reflex Conditioned Reflex: A learned reflex. If every time this guy goes through a door he SLAMS it… Eventually…  Reflex Conditioned Reflex: A learned reflex. Just seeing this guy go through a door Will cause you Even if he to startle doesn’t slam automatically the door!!! WHY?? Classical Conditioning ❑ A simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus ❑ Also referred to as “respondent conditioning”  Important Definitions Neutral Stimulus (NS) No response when presented. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Causes a response that does not require prior learning. Unconditioned Response (UR) Automatic unlearned response made to unconditioned stimulus.  Important Definitions Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Previously neutral stimulus After repeated pairings with unconditioned stimulus, produces unlearned response. Conditioned Response (CR) Learned response made to conditioned stimulus. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc. In the beginning… Neutral Neutral stimulus response (NS) Classical Conditioning 23  PAIN Unconditioned Unconditioned stimulus (US) response (UR) Classical Conditioning If we pair NS + US… PAIN Classical Conditioning Eventually… Conditioned Conditioned stimulus (CS) response (CR) Classical Conditioning Stimulus and Response in Classical Conditioning Know your terms… ❑ Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ❑ Unconditioned response (UCR) ❑ Neutral stimulus (NS) ❑ Conditioned stimulus (CS) ❑ Conditioned response (CR)  { A short history lesson It all started with Pavlov’s dogs… Contribution of Ivan Pavlov ❑ While studying salivation in dogs, Pavlov “happened” upon the principles of conditioning ❑ Reflexes (unlearned) can be learned (or conditioned) through association Pavlov’s dogs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI&feature=related  Why Did Pavlov’s Dogs Salivate? ❑ Dogs learned to salivate in response to the tone because the tone had been paired with the meat powder ❑ The dogs salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat Know your terms… In the above situation, what is the ❑ Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? ❑ Unconditioned response (UCR)? ❑ Neutral stimulus (NS)? ❑ Conditioned stimulus (CS)? ❑ Conditioned response (CR)? Fig. 5.1 33 Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Extinction  CS no longer followed by an UCS - no longer elicits CR  Eventually if the bell rings, but no food appears… But hope reigns eternal… Spontaneous Recovery  CS once again elicits CR  A function of time that has elapsed since extinction occurred  If, after a short amount of time the bell rings again 34 Behaviourism ❑ Behaviour ~ any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism ❑ The stimulus-response (S-R) approach: ❑ The attempt to understand psychology by relating overt behaviour (responses) to observable events in the environment (stimuli) ❑ Example, Pavlov’s dog ❑ Nature-nurture controversy (Watson) ❑ “Give me any child…” Classical Conditioning of Emotional Responses  Little Albert conditioning for fear  In 1919, John B. Watson & Rosalie Raynor set out to prove that fear could be classically conditioned 36 Little Albert Baby Albert Experiments – YouTube Classical Conditioning of Emotional Responses Reversing the process  Three years later, Watson and Mary Cover Jones set out to prove that fear could be unlearned, too  3- yr old Peter  Counterconditioning  a procedure for weakening a CR by associating the feared stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with fear Counterconditioning Systematic desensitization  A behaviour therapy based on classical conditioning  Treats anxiety by getting the person to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety producing situations  Often used in the treatment of phobias CC: Other important terms Generalization  Tendency for CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned  When Little Albert became also afraid of other white fuzzy things, like Watson’s beard Discrimination  CR evoked by limited range of stimuli due to pairing only the limited stimulus with the UCS  Referee's whistle vs. horns and whistles from the crowd Higher-Order Conditioning  Previously neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after being repeatedly paired with a stimulus that has already become a conditioned stimulus  Condition dog to salivate to tone  Repeatedly pair light with tone  Light evokes salivation Factors influencing classical conditioning ❑ The number of pairings of the CS and US ❑ The intensity of the US ❑ How reliably the CS predicts the US ❑ The temporal relationship between the CS and the US  Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life Fear Responses ❑ Fears and phobias largely result from classical conditioning. ❑ Dental phobia if painful dental work. ❑ Can generalize to dentist’s drill, dental chair, waiting room, dentist’s office building. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.