Learning.pdf

Chapter 6 Learning Learning 1 Definition A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience. Changes in behavior because of maturation, accidents, fatigue, or lack of effort is not called learning. Learning 2 Three ways of le...

Chapter 6 Learning Learning 1 Definition A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience. Changes in behavior because of maturation, accidents, fatigue, or lack of effort is not called learning. Learning 2 Three ways of learning: 1. Classical conditioning 2. Operant conditioning 3. Cognitive approaches to learning Learning 3  Classical Conditioning Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov developed the principles of classical conditioning. Learning 4 Learning 5 Neutral stimulus A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest. Learning 6  Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. Unconditioned response (UCR) A response that is natural and needs no training (e.g., salivation at the smell of food). Learning 7 Learning 8 Conditioned stimulus (CS) A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus. Learning 9 Conditioned response A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salivation at the ringing of a bell). Learning 10 Learning can be a temporary change in behavior due to experience. □ True □ False Learning 11 ______ stimulus does not naturally bring about the response of interest before conditioning. □ Neutral □ Conditioned □ Unconditioned □ None Learning 12 Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about the response of interest. Conditioned = learned Unconditioned = not learned Learning 13 Learning 14 Learning 15 Learning 16 Extinction The CR is acquired gradually over many parings of the CS and UCS. Once the CR is established, if the CS is no longer followed by the UCS, the CR ceases to occur. This is called extinction which occurs gradually. Learning 17 Spontaneous recovery The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after period of rest and with no further conditioning. Learning 18 Stimulus generalization In classical conditioning, organisms may give conditioned response to stimuli which are similar but not identical to the original CS. This is known as generalization. The more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur. Learning 19 Stimulus discrimination The ability to differentiate between stimuli. Learning 20 Which of the following is true? □ Conditioned = learned □ Unconditioned = unlearned □ Classical conditioning is a learning process □ All are true Learning 21 ______ refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. A) Conditioning B) Extinction C) Discrimination D) Generalization Learning 22  Operant Conditioning 1. If an organism exhibits a behavior and receives a positive reinforcer, the rate of behavior will increase. 2. If a particular behavior causes a negative reinforcer to be removed, that behavior will also increase. Learning 23 3. If the organism exhibits a behavior and receives a punisher, the rate of behavior will decrease. Learning 24 According to operant conditioning, behavior depends on its consequences. □ True □ False Learning 25 Reinforcers increase behaviors. □ True □ False Learning 26  Reinforcement The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated. Learning 27  Reinforcer Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again. Learning 28  Primary and Secondary Reinforcers A primary reinforcer satisfies some biological need and works naturally regardless of a person’s prior experience. Example: food. A secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer. Example: money. Learning 29 Positive reinforcer A positive reinforcer is any stimulus whose presentation increases the probability that a behavior will occur. Examples: food, water, money, praise etc. Negative reinforcer A negative reinforcer is a stimulus whose removal increase the probability that a behavior will occur. Example: taking an aspirin to relieve a headache. Learning 30  Punishment A punishment is a stimulus whose presentation decreases the probability a behavior will occur. Positive Punishment Positive punishment weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus. For instance, spanking a child for misbehaving or spending ten years in jail for committing a crime is positive punishment. Learning 31 Negative punishment Negative punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant. For instance, demotion in job with a cut in pay because of poor job evaluations. Learning 32  Positive Negative Reinforcement Get something Avoid something (strengthens (pleasant) (unpleasant) behavior) Punishment Get something Lose something (Weakens (unpleasant) (pleasant) behavior) Learning 33 Use of Reinforcer Learning 34 Use of Reinforcer Learning 35 Use of Punishment Learning 36 Studying for an exam to avoid getting a poor grade is an example of □ Positive reinforcement □ Negative reinforcement □ Positive punishment □ Negative punishment Learning 37 At a customer service center, a worker is found being rude to customers on the phone. The worker is then sent down to the HR department and given extra training (which is very tiring) on phone etiquette to stop his rudeness. □ Positive reinforcement □ Negative reinforcement □ Positive punishment □ Negative punishment Learning 38  Cognitive Approaches to Learning An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning. Types: 1. Latent learning 2. Observational learning Learning 56  Latent learning Occurs without any obvious reinforcement or reward. New information or skills or behaviors are acquired that are not immediately used, but can be applied at a later time when needed. Examples: maze learning, driving a new route, language learning Learning 57 Learning 58 People develop cognitive map of their surroundings – a mental representation of spatial locations and direction. Learning 59  Observational Learning Observational learning is learning through watching the behavior of another person, or model. If the model is rewarded for his or her behavior, the witness will learn or carry out that behavior. But if the model’s behavior is punished then the behavior will not be mimicked. Learning 61 Learning 62 Learning 63 Learning can occur without reinforcement. □ True □ False Learning 64 Which of the following is an example of latent learning? A) A child receives a candy bar for completing a puzzle B) A cat learns to avoid a hot stove after getting burned C) A dog learns to come when called after receiving a treat D) A student learns a shortcut route to school without consciously trying to remember it Learning 65 We always mimic the model’s behaviors. □ True □ False Learning 66