Law Enforcement Organizations and Administration PDF

**\ ** **CHAPTER 1** **LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATIONS AND ADMINISTRATION** **(INTER-AGENCY APPROACH)** **By: ROBERT II P. RALA, Ph.D. Crim.** **GERALD S. DE GUZMAN, Reg. Crim.** I. **[INTRODUCTION TO POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION]** In all modern societies, the enforcement of the law is vital, without some type of law enforcement, a society would eventually cease to exist. The function called law enforcement is a society's formal attempt to obtain compliance with the established rules, regulations, and laws of that society. Without law enforcement, society as we know it would probably succumb to social disorder and chaos (Jones and Barletlett Learning, 2020). **POLICE** The agency of a community or government that is responsible for enforcing the law, maintaining public order, and preventing and detecting crimes (Banton, Brodeur, Kelling, Whetstone, & Walsh, 2019). \- The act of maintaining discipline or ensuring that the rules must be observed (Encarta Word English Dictionary, 1999). Organization \- A group of people who work together in an organized way for a shared purpose (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020). **ORGANIZATION** It is a form of human association for the attainment of a goal or objective. It is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people work effectively. **POLICE ORGANIZATION** Police organization is a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration engaged in the achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and property, enforcement of the laws and the prevention of crimes. *[The organization of the police force commonly requires the following organizational units:]* **FUNCTIONAL UNITS** **BUREAU** -- the largest organic functional unit within a large department. It comprises of numbers of divisions. **DIVISION** -- a primary subdivision of a bureau. **SECTION** -- functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization. **UNIT** -- functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group within an organization. **TERRITORIAL UNITS** **POST** -- A fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a designated desk or office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty. It is a spot location for general guard duty. **ROUTE** -- a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT. **BEAT** -- An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized. **SECTOR** -- An area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts. **DISTRICT** -- a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station. **AREA** -- a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts. **OBJECTIVES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION** To attain effectiveness in the enforcement of law and efficiency of law enforcers. To attain a low crime volume and crime rate. To attain a maximum degree of solution and criminal conviction of law violators. To attain maximum degree in the protection of lives and properties. **ADMINISTRATION** Is the determination of objectives and major policies of an organization. An organizational process concerned with the implementation of the objectives and plans, and internal operating efficiency of the police organization (Timpac, 2013). Connotes bureaucratic structure and behavior, relatively routine decision-making and maintenance of the internal order. **POLICE/LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION** related statutes. Focuses on the policing process or how law enforcement agencies are organized and managed in order to achieve the goals of law enforcement most effectively, efficiently and productively. **SUPERVISION** Means the act of watching over the work or tasks of the members of the organization to ensure that desired results are achieved. **MANAGEMENT** The process of directing and facilitating the work of people organized in formal groups in order to achieve objectives Judicious or wise use of resources (manpower, material, money, equipment, supplies, time etc.) **AUTHORITY** It is the right to command and control the behavior of employees in lower positions within an organizational hierarchy. - Must be viewed in terms of prescribed roles rather than of individuals. - A particular position within an organization carries the same regardless of who occupies that position. **HIERARCHY** Represents the formal relationship between superiors and subordinates in any given organization. Serves as the framework for the flow of authority downward, and obedience upward, through the department. **[IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES]** II. **[PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION]** **Police organizations are either formal or informal.** **Formal** **Organizations** are highly structured while **Informal Organizations** are those without structures. Every formal police organization whether small or large are governed by the following principles: 1. **Principle of Unity of Objectives-** an organization is effective if it enables the individuals to contribute to the organization's objectives. 2. **Principle of Organizational Efficiency-** organizational structure is effective if it is structured in such way to aid the accomplishment of the organization's objectives with a minimum cost. 3. ***Scalar Principle-***shows the vertical hierarchy of the organization which defines an unbroken chain of units from top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority. 4. **Functional Principle-** refers to the division of work according to type, place, time and specialization. 5. ***Line and Staff*-** implies that a system of varied functions arrange into a workable pattern. The line organization is responsible for the direct accomplishment of the objectives while the staff is responsible for support, advisory or facilitative capacity. 6. **Principle of Balance-** states that the application of principles must be balanced to ensure the effectiveness of the structure in meeting organization's objectives. 7. **Principle of Delegation by Results --** states that authority delegated should be adequate to ensure the ability to accomplish expected results. 8. **Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility --explains that responsibility o**f the subordinates to their superior for the performance is absolute and the superior cannot escape responsibility for the organization on activities performed by the subordinates. 9. **Principle of Parity of Authority and Responsibility-**explains that responsibility for the action cannot be greater than that implied by the authority delegated nor should it be less. 10. **Authority Level Principle-** implies that decisions within the authority of the individual commander should be made by them and not be returned upward in the organizational structure 11. **Principle of Flexibility-** means that the more flexible the organization, the more it can fulfil its purpose. **[FUNCTIONS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION ]** **1) PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS** \- Functions that carry out the major purposes of the organization, delivering the services and dealing directly with the public examples: of the line functions of the police are patrolling, traffic duties, crime investigation **2) STAFF/ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS** \- Functions that are designed to support the line functions and assist in the performance of the line functions Examples: of the staff functions of the police are planning, research, budgeting and legal advice **[ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION ]** 1. **OPERATIONAL UNITS** - those that perform primary or line functions 2. **ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS** - those that perform the administrative functions 3. **SERVICE UNITS** - those that perform auxiliary functions - examples are communication, records management **[ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ]** \- The systematic arrangement of the relationship of the members, positions, departments and functions or work of the organization \- It is comprised of functions, relationships, responsibilities and authorities of individuals within the organization. **KINDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES** 1. **LINE** - the oldest and simplest kind; also called military - defined by its clear chain of command from the highest to the lowest and vice versa - depicts the line functions of the organization - orders or commands must come from the higher level of authority before it can be carried out - involves few departments 2. **FUNCTIONAL** - structure according to functions and specialized units - depicts staff functions of the organization - responsibilities are divided among authorities who are all accountable to the authority above 3. **LINE AND STAFF** - a combination of the line and functional kind - combines the flow of information from the line structure with the staff departments that service, advise, and support them - generally, more formal in nature and has many departments **[ORGANIZATIONAL CHART ]** \- An illustration in the form of a chart which represents the organizational structure \- The mechanical means of depicting the organizational structure *Note: Refer to the Philippine National Police Organizational Chart* **[ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES]** **FOUR PRIMAL CONDITIONS OF AN ORGANIZATION** **1) AUTHORITY** \- The supreme source of government for any particular organization \- The right to decide and command by virtue of rank and position **2) MUTUAL COOPERATION** \- An organization exists because it serves a purpose **3) DOCTRINE** \- Defines the organization's objectives **4) DISCIPLINE** \- Comprising behavioral regulations **III. [PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION]** **1) UNITY OF COMMAND** \- Dictates that there should only be ONE MAN commanding the unit to ensure uniformity in the execution of orders. Traditional theories of organization insisted that each employee should have only one supervisor or "boss" and considered this principle of "unity of command" the backbone of any organizational structure. Thus, a patrol officer, for example, would receive orders from one sergeant and would always report to that same sergeant. If he was instructed or advised by a detective, garage sergeant or any other administrator (with the possible exception of the chief), the officer is expected to check with his or her sergeant before taking any action. **2) SPAN OF CONTROL** \- Is the maximum number of subordinates that a superior can effectively supervise. **Determining the Span of Control** Effective organization requires that only a manageable number of subordinates be supervised by one person at any given time. This number will of course vary -- not only from one organization to another (depending on each organization's definition of 'effective supervision") but also within each organization depending on the number of task and the size of personnel available at a given time. **Factors affecting the span of control:** a. Leadership qualities of the supervisors b. Nature of the job and work conditions c. Complexity of task d. Education and skill of the employees **3) DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY** It is the conferring of an amount of authority by a superior onto a lower-level position. The position to authority is delegated becomes responsible to the superior for doing the assigned job. However, the delegators remain accountable for accomplishment of the job within the guidelines and quality standards of the agency. **4) HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY** \- The relationship between superiors and subordinates **5) SPECIALIZATION** \- The assignment of particular personnel to particular tasks which are highly technical and require special skills and training **6) CHAIN OF COMMAND** \- The arrangement of officers from top to bottom on the basis of rank or position and authority **7) COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY** \- Dictates that immediate commanders shall be responsible for the effective supervision and control of their personnel and unit. **8)** **DIVISION OF WORK** -Work specialization can increase efficiency with the same amount of effort. **9) AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY** **- Authority includes the right to command and power to require obedience. One cannot have authority without responsibility.** **10) DISCIPLINE** **- Necessary for an organization to function effectively, however, the state of the disciplinary process depends upon the quality of its leaders.** **11)** **UNITY OF COMMAND** \- Subordinate should receive orders from one superior only. **12) SCALAR CHAIN** \- The hierarchy of authority is the order of ranks from the highest to the lowest level of organization. It must show the vertical hierarchy of the organization which defines an unbroken chain of units from the top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority. **[MANAGEMENT OR ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS ]** **1) PLANNING** The determination in advance of how the objectives of the organization will be attained. **2) ORGANIZING** -Involves the determination and allocation of the men and women as well as the resources of an organization to achieve pre-determined goals or objectives of the organization. **3) DIRECTING** \- Involves the overseeing and supervising of the human resources and the various activities in an organization to achieve through cooperative efforts the pre-determined goals or objectives of the organization. **4) CONTROLLING** -Involves the checking or evaluation and measurement of work performance and comparing it with planned goals or objectives of the organization, and making the necessary corrective actions so that work is accomplished as planned **5) STAFFING** -The task of providing competent men to do the job and choosing the right men for the right job -involves good selection and processing of reliable and well-trained personnel **6) REPORTING** \- The making of a detailed account of activities, work progress, investigations and unusual in order to keep everyone informed or what is going on **7) BUDGETING** -The forecasting in detail of the results of an officially recognized program of operations based on the highest reasonable expectations of operating efficiency **[LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PUBLIC SAFETY AGENCIES UNDER E.O. 292 s, 1987]** **INTEGRATED NATIONAL POLICE** **SECTION 63.**[ Composition.] Unless otherwise provided by law, the Integrated National Police shall be composed of the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus, and the Integrated Police Force, Fire Services and Jail Management Services as components, under the Department of National Defense. **SECTION 64.** Organizational Structure. The Chief of Constabulary shall prescribe, subject to the approval of the Secretary of National Defense, the table of organization and equipment, ranks and position titles, functions, duties and powers of the various staffs, services, installations and other units of the Integrated National Police. The different headquarters of the Philippine Constabulary in the national, zone or regional and provincial levels shall be the nuclei of the corresponding headquarters of the Integrated National Police. The appropriate offices in the different headquarters levels may be jointly staffed by the constabulary, police, jail and fire service officers and personnel so that an integrated police and public safety services would be effectively discharged. **SECTION 65.** Head of the Integrated National Police. The Chief of Constabulary to be known as the Director-General shall be the head of the Integrated National Police. He shall have command of all elements thereof. He may issue from time to time instructions regarding personnel, funds, records, property, correspondence and such other matters to carry out the provisions of this Chapter. As Director-General, the Chief of Constabulary shall be assisted by the Deputy Chiefs of Constabulary, the general staff and the special, administrative and technical staffs of the Philippine Constabulary. **SECTION 66.** Functions. The Integrated National Police shall: \(1) Enforce law and maintain peace and order; \(2) Insure public safety; \(3) Prevent and control fires; \(4) Administer city and municipal jails; and \(5) Perform such other functions provided by law or assigned by higher authorities. **SECTION 67.** Authority of the President Over the Integrated National Police. In the exercise of its power to maintain peace, law, order, and public safety, the Integrated National Police shall be subject to the command and supervision and control of the President and shall function directly under the Secretary of National Defense. **OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSE** **SECTION 27.** Organization. The Office of Civil Defense shall be headed by an Administrator who shall be assisted by a Deputy Administrator. The Office shall have staff and operating units as may be provided by law. **SECTION 28.** Functions. The Office shall: \(1) In times of war and other national emergencies of an equally grave character, coordinate the activities and functions of various government agencies and instrumentalities, as well as of private institutions and civic organizations devoted to the public welfare to maximize the utilization of the facilities and resources of the entire nation for the protection and preservation of the civilian population and property; \(2) Establish and administer a comprehensive national civil defense and assistance program to include the estimation of the total material, manpower and fiscal requirements for carrying out the said program and coordinate the allocation to local government units such aid in facilities, materials and funds as may be made available by the national government; \(3) Furnish guidance and coordinate the activities of the national government, local governments, private institutions and civic organizations for civil preparedness; \(4) Develop and coordinate a program for informing, educating and training the public on civil defense measures and activities; and \(5) Perform such other functions as may be provided by law. **SECTION 29. **Operating Services. The Administrator shall, subject to the approval of the Secretary of National Defense, prescribe the organization, functions, duties and responsibilities of civil defense units on the national and local government levels, in connection with the various operating units for civil defense. Civil defense operating units shall be established for the national and local government defense organizations. The local units shall operate under the supervision and control of the respective heads of the local government civil defense organizations to which they appertain. **SECTION 30.** Basic, Technical and Administrative Services. \(1) The basic services of the AFP shall be composed of the Major Services. Enlisted personnel of the standing force and the reserve force must belong to one of the basic services. \(2) The technical services of the AFP shall be composed of the Medical Corps, Dental Service, Nurse Corps, Veterinary Corps and Judge Advocate General Service. \(3) The administrative services shall consist of the Chaplain Service, Women Auxiliary Corps, Medical Administrative Corps and the Corps of Professors. \(4) Appropriate military occupational specialties may be prescribed by the Chief of Staff for each of the basic, technical and administrative services. \(5) Appointment of officers to the basic, technical and administrative services, and enlistment in the basic service shall be governed by rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense. **ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES** **SECTION 33. **Functions. The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) shall: \(1) Uphold the sovereignty, support the Constitution, and defend the territory of the Republic of the Philippines against all enemies, foreign and domestic; \(2) Promote and advance the national aims, goals, interests and policies; \(3) Plan, organize, maintain, develop and deploy its regular and citizen reserve forces for national security; and \(4) Perform such other functions as may be provided by law or assigned by higher authorities. **SECTION 34. **Composition. \(1) The AFP shall be composed of a citizen armed force which shall undergo military training and serve, as may be provided by law. It shall be organized and maintained in a manner that shall render it capable of rapid expansion from a peacetime organization to a wartime or emergency organization. The AFP shall keep a regular force necessary for the security of the State. The officers and men of the regular force shall be recruited proportionately from all provinces and cities as far as practicable. \(2) The Standing Force shall be composed of regular officers and enlisted personnel; reservists called to active duty; draftees; trainees and government-sponsored Filipino cadets enrolled in local or foreign military schools. In time of peace, the size and composition of the Standing Force shall be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense, upon recommendation of the Chief of Staff. \(3) The Citizen Armed Force shall be composed of all reservists, and officers and enlisted men on inactive status. All able-bodied citizens shall undergo military training; after which they shall become reservists with appropriate ranks. All reservists in a particular locality shall be organized into reserve geographical unit's subject to call and mobilization as the need arises, individually or as a unit. The Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe and implement a continuing program of recruitment and training for the Citizen Armed Force to enable it to respond to all types of threats to national security. **SECTION 35. **Organizational Structure. The AFP shall consist of the General Headquarters; the Major Services namely: The Philippine Army, the Philippine Air Force, the Philippine Navy and, until otherwise provided by law, the Philippine Constabulary; and other existing units, services and commands of the AFP. The Secretary of National Defense may, in accordance with the policies or directives of the President, create additional units, services and commands, or reorganize the AFP in response to any situation or in pursuance of operational or contingency plans. No Major Service may be unfilled, inactivated or merged with another Major Service, without the approval of the Congress. **SECTION 36.** Basic, Technical and Administrative Services. \(1) The basic services of the AFP shall be composed of the major services. Enlisted personnel of the standing force and the reserve force must belong to one of the basic services. \(2) The technical services of the AFP shall be composed of Medical Corps, Dental Service, Nurse Corps, Veterinary Corps and the Judge Advocate General Service. \(3) The administrative service shall consist of the Chaplain Service, Women Auxiliary Corps, Medical Administrative Corps and the Corps of Professors. \(4) Appropriate military occupational specialties may be prescribed by the Chief of Staff for each of the basic, technical and administrative services. \(5) Appointment of officers to the basic, technical and administrative services, and enlisted in the basic service shall be governed by rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense. **SECTION 37.** The Citizen Armed Force. \(1) The Secretary of National Defense shall cause the organization of the Citizen Armed Force into Geographical Units throughout the country. The Citizen Armed Force Geographical Units shall consist of cadre of officers and men in the Standing Force and all qualified reservists residing in a particular locality. The cadre may, however, be assigned to another unit in the active force while the Geographical Units to which they are assigned are on inactive status. \(2) Whenever dictated by military necessity, and upon the recommendation of the Secretary of National Defense and approved by the President, the Citizen Armed Force may be called or mobilized to complement the operations of the regular force of the AFP or to support the regular force formations or units. For this purpose, Active Auxiliary Units which shall be part of the Citizen Armed Force Geographical Units, may be utilized, to be constituted out of volunteers to be screened in consultations with the local executives and civic business leaders. The status of Active Auxiliary Units shall be of a degree of activation of military reservists short of full active duty status. They shall not be vested with law enforcement or police functions. \(3) All members of the Citizen Armed Force on training or service shall be subject to military law and the Articles of War. **SECTION 38.** Tactical and Territorial Organization. Unless otherwise prescribed by law, the major services and other units of the AFP may be organized into such commands, forces and organizations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense. For this purpose, the territory of the Philippines may be divided into such tactical and geographical areas and zones or regions and districts as the Secretary of National Defense may direct. **SECTION 39.** Organizational Principles. The organizational structure of the AFP shall provide for: \(1) Centralized direction and control of General Headquarters to insure unity and coordination of efforts throughout the military establishment; \(2) Decentralized execution of operations to the Major Services and other separate units to achieve maximum operational efficiency within the military establishment; \(3) Common doctrine, standardized procedures and techniques throughout the military establishment to assure common understanding among all its forces and elements, facilitating thereby the attainment of maximum operational efficiency and effectiveness; \(4) Development of self-reliance concepts for each Major Service to insure national defense and security and maximum utilization of resources; and \(5) Development of the capability to participate in the infrastructure projects of the government. **PHILIPPINE MILITARY ACADEMY** **SECTION 58.** Organization. \(1) The Philippine Military Academy is the primary training and educational institution of the AFP. It shall be the primary source of regular officers of the Standing Force. \(2) The Academy shall be organized as prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense, upon recommendation of the Chief of Staff, AFP. \(3) The student body of the Academy shall be known as the Cadet Corps of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (CCAFP) and shall have such strength as the Secretary of National Defense shall determine upon the recommendation of the Chief of Staff, and within the strength limited by the annual Appropriation Act. \(4) There shall be an Academic Board organized by the Chief of Staff, which shall be composed of not more than fifteen (15) members selected from the officers of the Academy upon recommendation of the Superintendent. The Board shall, in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Chief of Staff, have the power to confer baccalaureate degrees upon the cadets who satisfactorily completed the approved course of study. **SECTION 59.** Functions. The Academy shall prepare the candidates for commission in the regular force of the AFP and shall instruct, train and develop cadets so that each graduate shall possess the character, the broad and basic military skills and the education essential to the successful pursuit of a progressive military career. **NATIONAL DEFENSE COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES** **SECTION 60. **Organization and Administration. \(1) The National Defense College of the Philippines, hereafter referred to as the College, shall be under the direction, supervision and control of the Secretary of National Defense. \(2) The College shall be headed by a President who shall administer the affairs of the College with the assistance of an Executive Vice-President, a Vice-President for Academic Affairs, a Vice-President for Administrative Affairs and a Vice-President for Research and Special Studies. The Executive Vice-President shall act for the President in his absence and shall perform such other functions as may be assigned to him by the President. \(3) The Vice-President for Academic Affairs shall be responsible for the development, implementation, supervision and evaluation of academic programs; the Vice-President for Administrative Affairs, for the overall administrative support to all the activities of the College; and the Vice-President for Research and Special Studies, on the conduct of research work and special studies. \(4) The College shall have an Academic Board to assist the President to discharge the following functions: \(a) Supervise the academic affairs of the College; \(b) Recommend academic consultants, professors, lecturers, instructors, research assistants and other resource persons of the College; and \(c) Recommend the courses of studies to be conducted by the College to accomplish its objectives. The Board shall be composed of the Vice-President for Academic Affairs as Chairman, and the Heads of the various academic disciplines as members, who shall be designated by the President subject to the approval of the Secretary of National Defense. \(5) All resource persons of the College including but not limited to academic consultants, professors, lecturers, instructors, thesis advisers, members of examining and evaluating panels, examiners, correctors, and technicians who are regularly employed in the Government shall, in addition to their salaries, be entitled to receive honoraria, fees and other emoluments fixed by the Secretary of National Defense. **SECTION 61.** Powers and Functions. \(1) The College shall train and develop the skills and competence of potential national defense leaders, civilian officials of the different agencies and instrumentalities of the Government, and selected executives from the private sector in the formulation and implementation of national security policies, and for high command and staff duty. \(2) The College shall have the power to confer the degree of Master in National Security Administration (MNSA) upon all its students who have satisfactorily completed the prescribed course of study. **SECTION 62.** Graduates of the Regular Course of the College. \(1) Graduates of the College will receive for purposes of promotion to key and sensitive positions in the military and civilian offices, preferential consideration and/or credit points in the grade or class of their respective positions. \(2) All civilian graduates who are holders of the degree of Master in National Security Administration shall qualify for appointment to the initial rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the reserve force of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. \(3) Authority to use with honor the abbreviation MNSA after their names is hereby given to all graduates of the regular course of the College. **CHAPTER 2** **History of different Law Enforcement Agencies and Different Law Enforcement Organization** **[Philippine National Police]** ![](media/image2.jpeg) The Philippine National Police (PNP) originated from the Philippine Constabulary or the PC, which was inaugurated on August 8, 1901, establishing it as an insular police force under the American regime. On August 8, 1975, Presidential Decree no. 765 was issued, establishing the Philippine Constabulary Integrated National Police or the PC/INP as the country's national police force. These fragmented and diverse local police units were integrated into a national police force with the Philippine Constabulary as its nucleus. After the People's Revolution in 1986, a new Constitution was promulgated providing for a police force, which is "national in scope and civilian in character." Consequently, Republic Act No. 6975 entitled, "An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local government (DILG)," was signed into law on December 13, 1990, which took effect on January 1, 1991. Subsequently, the PNP was operational on January 29, 1991, whose members were formerly the PC and the INP and the absorption of the selected members from the major service units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines such as the Philippine Air Force Security Command, the Philippine Coast Guard, Philippine Navy, and the Philippine Army. Thus, to further strengthen the PNP into a highly efficient and competent police force, Republic Act No. 8551 entitled "PNP Reform and the Reorganization Act of 1998" was enacted on February 17, 1998, amending certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975. **[National Bureau of Investigation]** [José Yulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yulo) and [Manuel L. Quezon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon), the forefathers of the National Bureau of Investigation, on a 2011 stamp of the Philippines. ![](media/image4.jpeg) Signing of an order creating the NBI with President [Manuel Roxas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas) and first NBI Director J. Pardo De Tavera. The Division of Investigation, later renamed the National Bureau of Investigation, came into existence on June 19, 1947, the date Republic Act 157 was approved. Its history goes back to November 13, 1936, when a Division of Investigation (DI) under the Department of Justice was created with the enactment of Commonwealth Act No. 181 by the First National Assembly. Section 1, C.A. No. 181 provides: The DI was the brainchild of [Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines) [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines) [Manuel L. Quezon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon) and the then--Secretary of Justice [José Yulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yulo). A veteran American police officer, Capt. Thomas Duggan of the [New York Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department) (NYPD), and the only Filipino member of the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) [Federal Bureau of Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation) (FBI), Flaviano Guerrero, were hired by the Philippine government to organize the Division of Investigation of the Department of Justice. The formation of the DI generated considerable public interest and more than 3,000 applied for the initial 48 positions of NBI Agents. Physical and medical examinations were conducted by doctors from the [Philippine General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_General_Hospital) and San Lazaro Hospital. Of the 3,000 applicants, only 150 were allowed to take the mental test and, of this number, less than 100 passed. After further screening, 48 were certified for employment and of these successful candidates, only 45 actually accepted appointments as Agents. The DI was then formally organized in 1937 and was composed of forty-five (45) Agents and approximately 100 officials and employees. These included lawyers, doctors, chemists, fingerprint technicians, photographers, research assistants, clerks, stenographers, janitors and messengers. The DI office operated in Manila, where it's Agents and technical personnel were dispatched to the provinces from time to time to investigate crimes of public interest or when the necessity arose. The DI operation was suspended upon the surrender of the Commonwealth Government to the [occupying Japanese forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines) during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II). The Japanese, however, revived the DI and allowed it to function as a division under the Department of Justice until the establishment of the [Japanese puppet Philippine Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic) of President [José P. Laurel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel). During the Laurel administration, the DI was merged with the Secret Service Division of the Metropolitan Constabulary ([Manila Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Police_District) or MPD) and the Intelligence Unit of the Japanese-run [Philippine Constabulary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary). Upon the [liberation of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)) by combined Filipino and American forces in 1945, the DI was not immediately reorganized since most of its original members were seconded in the service of the [United States Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army) [Counterintelligence Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps) (CIC). After the [surrender of Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan) in August 1945, the DI was reactivated and the original members were called back to the service. The reactivated DI started with no records or equipment, most of which had been systematically destroyed by DI personnel for security reasons in order to prevent classified documents and equipment from falling into the hands of the Japanese. In 1947, as the Philippines struggled to recover from the ravages of war, criminality in all its forms increased dramatically, straining the meager resources of the newly reorganized police service in effectively combating sophisticated organized crime groups and the solution of complex crimes. Due to the increase of lawlessness in the land, DI personnel agitated for the conversion of the Division of Investigation into a bureau, believing that an enlarged, highly professional and better equipped bureau similar to that of the American Federal Bureau of Investigation was needed to effectively fight organized crime groups and solve crimes of a complex nature. In response, Congress filed House Bill No. 1162, from which Republic Act No. 157 originated. R.A. 157 was approved by Congress and enacted into law on June 19, 1947, which renamed DI to the Bureau of Investigation (BI).[^\[4\]^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)#cite_note-PNA_NBI_November_19-4) In October 4, 1947, R.A. 157 was amended by Executive Order No. 94 was amended to change the name from BI to the National Bureau of Investigation. **[Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency]** For thirty years, the Republic Act No. 6425, or the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, had been the backbone of the drug law enforcement system in the Philippines. Despite the efforts of various law enforcement agencies mandated to implement the law, the drug problem alarmingly escalated with orbiting Police Officers collecting drug money. The high profitability of the illegal drug trade, compounded by the then existing laws that imposed relatively light penalties to offenders, greatly contributed to the gravity of the problem. **Republic Act 9165** Recognizing the need to further strengthen existing laws governing Philippine drug law enforcement system, the then Philippine President [Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo) signed the Republic Act No. 9165, or the ![](media/image6.jpeg)Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, on June 7, 2002 and it took effect on July 4, 2002. The R.A. 9165 defines more concrete courses of action for the national anti-drug campaign and imposes heavier penalties to offenders. The enactment of R.A. 9165 reorganized the Philippine drug law enforcement system. While the Dangerous Drugs Board remains as the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in planning and formulation of policies and program on drug control and prevention, it created the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency under the [Office of the President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace). **[Bureau of Fire Protection]** 1990- The first department was established in Manila during the American occupation. 1940- Fire departments were established in neighboring cities and towns; each has their own organizational set-up. 1975- Integration of Local Fire Departments in the city/municipality police forces the Philippine Constabulary Integrated National Police (PC-INP). 1977- Presidential Decree 1185 -- Fire code of the Philippines was enacted. 1990- Republic Act No. 6975 was enacted establishing a separate Bureau of Fire Protection. 2008- Republic Act No. 9514 -- Revised Fire Code of the Philippines was enacted. The enactment of Republic Act 6975, otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local Government Act of 1990 which took effect on January 1, 1991 paved the way for the establishment of the Philippine National Police (PNP), Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) as separate entities. Specifically, the Fire Bureau's charter was created under Chapter IV (Section 53 to 59) and carried-out through the provisions of Rule VII (Sections 49 to 58) of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the said law. The organization was then placed under the direct supervision of the DILG Undersecretary for Peace and Order. The succeeding approval of the Appropriation Act of 1991 has also caused the inaugural operation of the Bureau of Fire Protection on August 2, 1991 as a distinct agency of the government, with its initial preparation of Operation Plans and Budget (OPB) undertaken by the staff of the Office of the National Chief Fire Marshal at Camp Crame, Quezon City headed by then F/Brigadier General Ernesto Madriaga, INP (1990-1992) that took over from the long reign of F/Major Primo D Cordeta (Ret.) the first Chief Fire Marshal (1978-1989). Gen. Madriaga served as the BFP first Acting Fire Chief/Director from 1991 to 1992. Bureau of Fire Protection is responsible for ensuring public safety through prevention and/or suppression of all destructive fires on buildings, houses, and other similar structure, forests, and land transportation vehicles and equipment, ships/vessels docked at piers, wharves or anchored at major seaports, petroleum industry installations. It is also responsible for the enforcement of the Fire Code of the Philippines (PD 1185) and other related laws, conduct investigations involving fire incidents and causes thereof including the filing of appropriate complaints/cases **[Bureau of Immigration]** ![](media/image8.jpeg) The Bureau of [Immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration) started as a division of the Bureau of Customs during the American regime in 1899.[^\[2\]^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Immigration_(Philippines)#cite_note-2) It was appropriate because ship travel and ship cargo were interlinked and hence, the office was at the [Bureau of Customs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Customs_(Philippines)). It seems that the government then, gave more importance on the entry of goods than monitoring of foreign nationals coming into the country. The government was more interested in generating customs duties from these goods than in the control and regulation of the arrival and stay of foreigners. The functions of immigration remained under the said bureau until 1937 when it was transferred as a division of the Bureau of Labor. The functions of Immigration were transferred in 1937 as a division under the Bureau of Labor. This was mainly to respond to the arrival of Chinese nationals who owned and operated trade houses store and restaurants in the country. On January 22, 1940, the [Second National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines) enacted the [Philippine Immigration Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Immigration_Act) of 1940 (Commonwealth Act No. 613). It was signed into law by the [President of the United States of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States) on September 3, 1940, creating the Bureau of Immigration under the administrative supervision of the Office of the President. A year or so later, it became an attached agency of the Department of Justice. Later, its administrative control was returned to the Office of the President. When the Pacific war broke out in December 1941, the bureau, then under the Department of Justice, moved to the Bilibid Prison on Azcarraga Street (now [Claro M. Recto Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recto_Avenue)). Immediately after the war, the bureau was transferred near the Gate 1 of the South Harbor in Manila, then moved to Building No.5 at the [Customs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs) Bureau at Gate 4. In 1945, in line with the reorganization plan of the government, the bureau was put under the supervision and control of the Department of Labor. In 1948, the Bureau was reverted to the [jurisdiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction) of the Department of Justice where it has remained up to the present time. On September 21, 1972, then President [Ferdinand E. Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos) proclaimed [Martial Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law), ordered and decreed the adoption and implementation of the Integrated Reorganization Plan. Hence, the Commission on Reorganization issued Letter of Implementation No. 20, dated December 31, 1972 which embodies the plan, including among other things, the change of name of the office from the Bureau of Immigration to Commission on Immigration and [Deportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation). This became a collegian body and performing both administrative and quasi-judicial functions. It is composed of the commissioner and his two associate commissioners. Letter of Implementation No. 20 also abolished the Deportation Board and transferred its functions to the Board of Commissioners who gave them power to undertake [deportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation) cases. The bureau was given the sole authority to enforce and administer immigration and foreign national registration laws including the admission, registration, exclusion and deportation and [repatriation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation) of foreign nationals. It also supervises the immigration from the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) of foreign nationals. On July 25, 1987, President [Corazon C. Aquino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino) signed Executive order No. 292, also known as the Administrative Code of 1987. Said order renamed the office, "Bureau of Immigration." It continues, however, to perform all the powers and functions it had while still a commission, and its head of office still remains to be called commissioner as provided under DOJ. **[Philippine Coast Guard]** The Philippine Coast Guard is the oldest and only humanitarian armed service in the Philippines. Its beginnings could be traced back to the early 20th century when coast guarding was related to the protection of the customs services of the country and in patrolling the coastlines and harbors. When [the Americans came in 1898](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898-1946)), one of the first steps that the military government undertook was the reopening of [the port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Manila) and customs facilities of [Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila). Soon after, the civilian Insular Government, through the [Philippine Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Commission), enacted a law on October 17, 1901 that created the Bureau of Coast Guard and Transportation, which was placed under the Department of Commerce and Police. The Captain of the Port was designated as Bureau Director. Recognition of the difficulty of administering such a vast island area without reliable government transportation resulted in the requirements to establish a transportation system for government services. The resulting report recommended purchase of 21 small steamers to establish 21 circuits supporting communication between provincial capitals and coastal towns as well as prevent smuggling and landing contraband. The average circuit would be. 651 mi (566 nmi; 1,048 km). The vessels required should be all weather of about 140 ft (42.7 m) in length capable of 10 knots (12 mph; 19 km/h) with light armament. Two small stern [paddle steamers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_steamer) were recommended for river use on the Cayagen River and the [Rio Grande de Mindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_de_Mindanao) and connected lakes.[^\[5\]^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard#cite_note-AR01-5) The bureau concentrated its early days on the contracts for the fifteen vessels with the result ten were to be built by Farnham, Boyd & Company in [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai), China and five by Uraga Dock Company in Uraga, Japan.The ten Chinese contracted cutters were *Balabac*, *Basilan*, *Busuanga*, *Corregidor*, *Luzon*, *Masbate*, *Negros*, *Palawan*, *Polillo*, and *Tablas*. The five Uraga cutters were to be [*Marinduque*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC%26GS_Marinduque) and [*Romblon*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC%26GS_Romblon), which were delivered, and *Bohol*, *Cebu*, and *Jolo* which were cancelled after serious deficiencies were found on delivery of *Marinduque* and *Romblon*. The China built cutters began arriving in Manila by mid-1902 and were found to generally meet requirements. The Uraga built cutters, arriving in January and April 1903, had serious defects, to the extent the inspector in Japan was dismissed for negligence, and costly negotiations led to cancellation of the three others that were in process of completion. Five additional cutters were ordered from China, those being *Leyte*, *Mindanao*, *Mindoro*, *Panay*, and *Samar*. The lighthouse service was placed under the Bureau. In 1902, the Coast Guard fleet of 15 steamers from China and Japan was established and were assigned for the lighthouse service inspection trips of top government officials, for transport to Culion Island, for patrolling against illegal entry of aliens, and for troop movement of the Philippine Constabulary. The Bureau of Coast Guard and Transportation was abolished on October 26, 1905 and the Bureau of Navigation took over its functions. The Bureau of Navigation was authorized to create a commissioned and enlisted service, and to adopt its own manual of court martial patterned after the US Navy. Subsequently, however, the Bureau was also abolished on December 19, 1913 and the organization and its functions were transferred to the Bureau of Customs and the Bureau of Public Works until the establishment of the Commonwealth Government. After gaining independence from the United States, the Philippine government ceded some of the coast guard functions, such as the revenue cutter and lighthouse services, to the Philippine Naval Patrol, which eventually became the Philippine Navy. A Coast Guard unit was activated within the Philippine Navy to implement these functions. On August 6, 1967, the Philippine Congress enacted Republic Act 5173 of the Philippine Coast Guard Law, which made the PCG a major unit of the Philippine Navy under a flag officer. The PCG was activated on October 10, 1967 and its coast guard functions were transferred from the navy. The civilian nature of the PCG functions led to the separation of the Coast Guard from the Philippine Navy on March 30, 1998 by virtue of Executive Order 475 signed by President Fidel Ramos. It orders effectively transferred the PCG from the Department of National Defense to the Office of the President, and eventually to the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) on April 15, 1998 by virtue of Executive Order 477. These executive orders provided inter alia that the PCG shall continue to the agency primarily responsible for the promotion of safety of life and property at sea and the protection of the maritime environment as mandated under the Philippine Coast Guard Law and Presidential Decrees 600, 601, 602, and 979, as a mended. The transformation of the PCG into a non-military organization has a tremendous impact and significance. Its civilian character has allowed it to receive offers of vessels, equipment, technology, services, cooperation and other needed assistance from other countries, something which would not be readily offered to a military agency. With enactment of Republic Act 9993, also known as the Coast Guard Law of 2009, as well as its implementing rules and regulations, the PCG has been vested with the necessary authority and responsibility to perform preventive measures in ensuring the safety of merchant vessels. The new law also strengthened PCG\'s authority to meet new challenges and increasing demands for marine resources, technological advancement and climate change. Further, the law has defined the PCG\'s rightful niche in the bureaucracy as the premier maritime agency and its vital role in nation building. **[Office of transportation Security for Sea Ports and Airport Security]** The National Committee on Anti Hijacking (NACAH) April **28, 1976 -** is considered to be the forebear of what we know now as the Office for Transportation Security (OTS). Due to the increasing threat to the civil aviation industry in 1976, former President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Letter of Instruction (LOI) No. 399, organizing NACAH, as a committee responsible for the planning and implementation of security measures to suppress any and all forms of hijacking, having the Secretary of the National Defense (SND) as its Chairman. On 01 June 1976, the Aviation Security Command (AVSECOM) was organized to serve as the implementing arm of the NACAH, whose primary mission is to ensure the continued uninterrupted operations of civil aviation industry in the country. This was later renamed to as the Philippine Air Force Security Command or PAFSECOM, by virtue of AFP GHQ GO Number 37 on 01 March 1986. **Republic Act No. 6975 -- December 13, 1990**, as part of civil aviation security evolution, in 1990, Republic Act (RA) No. 6975, otherwise known as ***"An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government, And for Other Purposes"**, *was enacted. It established the Philippine National Police, under the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) and further gave the PNP the power to absorb the office of the NACAH and assume the missions and functions of the PAFSECOM. It created the Aviation Security Unit, tasked to secure all the country's airports against offensive and terroristic acts, later known to be the PNP Aviation Security Group (AVSEGROUP). In addition, the passage of RA 6975 led to the issuance of Executive Order No. 452 by former President Corazon Aquino on 05 April 1991, transferring the Chairmanship of the NACAH from the SND to the Secretary of DILG (SILG). **National Action Committee on Anti-Hijacking and Terrorism (NACAHT) -- May 18, 1995**, former President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No. 246 reconstituting NACAH into the National Action Committee on Anti-Hijacking and Terrorism (NACAHT), which factored in mechanisms needed to contain threats of terrorism in the aviation sector, thus provide the country with stronger law enforcement capabilities. **National Council for Civil Aviation Security (NCCAS) (Executive Order No. 336) -- January 5, 2001**, former President Joseph Ejercito Estrada, issued Executive Order No. 336, further reconstituting NACAHT into the National Council for Civil Aviation Security (NCCAS), which defines specific functions of the Philippine Center for Transnational Crime and NACAHT, to prevent overlapping of functions which may lead to strategic and tactical problems in the implementation of security measures. **September 11 Attack and the Office for Transportation Security**, an elaborated and extremely destructive series of attacks using commercial planes brought light to security issues in the aviation industry, which prompted global action to adopt Standard 3.1.2 of the Annex 17 to Chicago Convention otherwise known as the International Civil Aviation Organization. This required each Contracting State to designate and specify to ICAO an appropriate authority within its administration to be responsible for the development, implementation and maintenance of the National Civil Aviation Security Program (NCASP). **Executive Order No. 277 -- January 30, 2004**, former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, responded to this call by issuing Executive Order No. 277, creating the Office for Transportation Security, who shall be primarily responsible for the implementation of Annex 17 to the International Civil Aviation Organization. The same law approved the NCASP and reconstituted the NCCAS into National Civil Aviation Security Committee (NCASC). **Executive Order No. 311 -- April 30, 2004**, succeeding events however, exposed vulnerabilities in the transport security in the country, especially in the maritime and land transportation sectors. ### [Bureau of Customs] ### ### Manila North Harbor - Prior to European colonization, people in the Philippines traded with others from Southeast Asia. Since money was not yet the medium of exchange, people bartered commodities. The rulers of the barangays collected tributes from the people before they were allowed to engage in trade. The practice of collecting tributes became part of the Customs Law of the Land. ### ### The Spanish colonial era During the [Spanish Colonial Era of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Era_of_the_Philippines), Spain passed three important statutes: - - - ### The American colonial era When the Americans came to the Philippines, the Military Government continued to enforce the Spanish Tariff Code of 1891, which remained in effect until the [Philippine Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Commission) enacted the Tariff Revision Law of 1901. On October 24, 1900, the Philippine Commission passed Act No. 33 abolishing and changing the position of Captain of the Port to Collector of Customs in all ports of entry except the Port of Manila. The designation of the Captain of the Port in the [Port of Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Manila) was retained. When the Civil Government was established in the Philippines, the most important laws passed by the Philippine Commission were the following: 1. Tariff Revision Law of 1902 based on the theory that the laws of Spain were not as comprehensive as the American Customs Laws to conform with the existing conditions of the country. 2. Philippine Administrative Act No. 355 passed by the Philippine Commission on February 6, 1902. The full implementation of this Act, however, was considered inadequate and incomplete, so the Customs Service Act No. 355, called the Philippine Customs Service Act was passed to amend the previous laws. After several modifications and amendments, the Philippine Customs Service finally became a practical counterpart of the American Customs Service. 3. Act No. 357 reorganized the Philippine Customs Service and officially designated the Insular Collector of Customs as Collector of Customs for the Port of Manila. 4. Act No. 625 abolished the Captain of the Port for the Port of Manila. 5. Public Act No. 430 transformed the Philippine Customs Service to a Bureau of Customs and Immigration under the supervision and control of the Department of Finance and Justice. When the [Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Philippines)) became a separate office from the Department of Finance, the customs service remained under the umbrella of the latter which set-up remained up to this time. ### The Commonwealth Government After the [Philippine Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth) was established, the [Philippine Legislature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Legislature) enacted Commonwealth Act No. 613 forming the Bureau of Immigration as a separate office from the Bureau of Customs. On May 1, 1947, the Bureau of Customs has as its head the Insular Collector of Customs. He was assisted by the Deputy Insular Collector of Customs. Both officials were concurrently Collector of Customs and the Deputy Collector of Customs of the Port of Manila. The Republic Pursuant to the Executive Order No. 94 of Republic Act No. 52, the President of the Philippines reorganized the different departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government of the Republic of the Philippines. Consequently, the Insular Collector of Customs was changed to Collector of Customs for the Port of Manila. The reorganization took effect on July 1, 1947. In 1957, Congress enacted the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines known as Republic Act No. 1937, otherwise known as the "Tariff Law of the Republic of the Philippines". This took effect on July 1, 1957. The passage of this act by the defunct Congress of the Philippines subject to the provisions of the Laurel-Langley Agreement, became the first official expression of an autonomous Philippine Tariff Policy. Before the passage of Republic Act 1937, all importations from the United States enjoyed full exemptions pursuant to the Tariff Act No. 1902 which was adopted by Republic Act No. 3 as the Tariff Laws of the Philippines. ### ### The Republic Pursuant to the Executive Order No. 94 of Republic Act No. 52, the President of the Philippines reorganized the different departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government of the Republic of the Philippines. Consequently, the Insular Collector of Customs was changed to Collector of Customs for the Port of Manila. The reorganization took effect on July 1, 1947. In 1957, Congress enacted the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines known as Republic Act No. 1937, otherwise known as the "Tariff Law of the Republic of the Philippines". This took effect on July 1, 1957. The passage of this act by the defunct Congress of the Philippines subject to the provisions of the Laurel-Langley Agreement became the first official expression of an autonomous Philippine Tariff Policy. ![](media/image10.jpeg) **[Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources]** The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) started as a small agency in 1901 under the name Bureau of Government Laboratories, Department of Interior of the Philippine Commission. When the Civil Government was established on July 4, 1901, the [Philippine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) Commission proposed the creation of an Office under the Department of Interior to take charge of the conservation, promotion and development of the country\'s fishery resources. This was not carried out, due to limited funds. The Secretary of the Interior, [Dean Conant Worcester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Conant_Worcester), continued to stir interest in the development of fisheries and, finally, in 1907, studies in fisheries began following the arrangement made by the Secretary of Interior for the services of the [United States Fish Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission) fisheries research vessel [USS *Albatross*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Albatross_(1882)) to work in Philippine waters for 18 months, and the employment of an American fisheries specialist in the Bureau of [Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science), to take charge of all work pertaining to fisheries.[^\[3\]^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Fisheries_and_Aquatic_Resources#cite_note-3) Considerable advances in the taxonomy of fish in the Philippines and documentation of fishing methods were made by [Albert William Herre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_William_Herre) who served as the chief fishery officer in the Bureau of Science from 1919 to 1928. On January 1, 1933, by virtue of General Memorandum Order No. 4 dated December 5, 1932 of the Secretary of [Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture) and [Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce), the Division of Fisheries and Division of [Zoology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology) of the Bureau of [Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science) together with the Division of Forest [Fauna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna) and Grazing of the Bureau of [Forestry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry) were fused into one special division known as the Fish and Game Administration, which was placed under the direct administrative jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce. Under this arrangement, the Fish and Game Administration operated under the provisions of the Fisheries Act (Act No. 4003) and Act No. 2590, entitled \"An Act for the Protection of Game and Fish.\" By subsequent reorganization effected on September 27, 1934, the Fish and Game Administration was returned to the Bureau of Science. The reason for its return was to strengthen the office through the use of equipment, personnel and appropriation of the Bureau. On July 1, 1941, under the provisions of General Administrative Order No. 15, the Fish and Game Administration was reorganized as an independent unit under the Department of Agriculture and Commerce and renamed the Division of Fisheries. The functions pertaining to forest fauna and grazing was returned to the Bureau of Forestry and those of the Division of Zoology to the Bureau of Science. The Divisions of Fisheries as a special division under the Department of Agriculture and Commerce functioned up to the outbreak of the war in 1941. During the early days of [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II), the Division of Fisheries was fused with the Bureau of Forestry and then known as the Bureau of Forestry and Fishery. In the latter part of Japanese occupation, however, the Division of Fisheries was converted into an independent office known as the Bureau of Fisheries. Taking cognizance of the increasing importance of effectively administering and conserving fisheries and other aquatic resources and in efforts to rehabilitate the devastated economy brought upon by World War II, the [Congress of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines) enacted [Republic Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Acts_of_the_Philippines) No. 177 creating the present Bureau of Fisheries which took effect on July 1, 1947. The Division of Fisheries and all sections, field districts, experimental stations and all activities and agencies of the National Government connected with fishery work have been incorporated in the Bureau of Fisheries. As organized on July 1, 1947, the Bureau of Fisheries had seven functional divisions, namely, (1) Administrative Division, (2) Division of Fish Culture and Fisheries Biology, (3) Division of Commercial Fisheries, (4) Division of Fisheries Technology, (5) Division of Licenses and Regulations, (6) Division of Investigation and Inspection, and (7) Philippine Institute of Fisheries Technology offering a 2½ year course in fisheries on collegiate level. Subsequently, branches of this Institute offering a 4 years secondary course in fisheries were established in the following seven [provinces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines): [Samar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar), [Cebu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu), [Albay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albay), [Iloilo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo), [Zamboanga City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City), [Antique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antique) and [Batangas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batangas). The entire [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) was divided into 10 fishery districts with a District Fishery Officer as head of each District. The headquarters of the fishery districts were located in strategic places in the different fishing regions as follows; Fishery District No. 1-Aparri, [Cagayan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagayan); 2-[Dagupan City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagupan_City), 3-[Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila); 4-[Naga City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_City,_Camarines_Sur); 5-[Catbalogan City, Samar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catbalogan,_Samar); 6-[Iloilo City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo_City); 7-[Coron, Palawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coron,_Palawan); 8-[Cebu City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_City); 9-[Davao City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davao_City) and 10-[Zamboanga City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City). Under the reorganization Plan No. 30-A reorganizing the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources as implemented by Executive Order No. 216, dated November 17, 1956, the Bureau of Fisheries was reorganized again effective January 16, 1957 such that functional divisions of the Bureau had been reduced from seven to five, namely, (1) Licenses and Regulations Divisions; (2) Marine Fisheries Division; (3) Fisheries Research Division; (4) Inland Fisheries Division; and (5) Administrative Services Division. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BFAR-NIFTDC-Fisheries\_Academy.jpg/175px-BFAR-NIFTDC-Fisheries\_Academy.jpg BFAR Asian Fisheries Academy at the National Integrated Fisheries Training and Development Center, Bonuan Binloc, [Dagupan City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagupan) -- June 5, 2013 ![https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alaminosjf403.JPG/175px-Alaminosjf403.JPG](media/image12.jpeg) Multi-Species Fish and Invertebrate Breeding and Hatchery, (Oceanographic Marine Laboratory in Alaminos) Lucap, Alaminos, Pangasinan, [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines), Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Regional Mariculture Technodemo Center (RMaTDeC) -- April 20, 2011. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Alaminosjf377.JPG/175px-Alaminosjf377.JPG Alaminos Regional Mariculture Technodemo Center (RMaTDeC) -- April 20, 2011. The Philippine Institute of Fisheries Technology had been transferred to the [University of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines). The seven secondary schools of fisheries in the provinces previously mentioned had been transferred to the [Department of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)) under the administration of the Bureau of Public Schools. On March 20, 1963, R. A. 3512 reorganized the Bureau into the Philippine Fisheries Commission. And on September 30, 1972, under the Integrated Reorganization Plan, the Philippine Fisheries Commission was reverted to the Bureau of Fisheries. By virtue of Presidential Decree No. 461 signed on May 17, 1974, which reorganized the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Natural Resources, the Philippine Fisheries Commission was renamed Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and placed under the Ministry of Natural Resources. On June 30, 1984, BFAR was transferred from the Ministry of Natural Resources to the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, in compliance with Executive Order 967 mandating the conversion of BFAR as a staff Bureau and integrating its Regional Offices with the Regional Offices of the [Department of Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)). The staff functions of the Central Office and the integration of BFAR\'s Regional Offices into Regional Offices of the [Department of Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)) was fully implemented with the issuance of Executive Order 116 signed by [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines) on January 30, 1987. On February 25, 1998 [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines) [Fidel V. Ramos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos) signed into law [Republic Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Acts_of_the_Philippines) No. 8550, entitled, \"An Act Providing For the Development, Management and Conservation of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Integrating all laws pertinent thereto and for other purposes\", otherwise known as the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998. This law took effect on March 23, 1998. On January 5, 2008, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (Philippines) (BFAR) announced that a [fish kill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_kill) at Taal Lake (January 2 to 4) caused the 50 metric tons or P 3.25-million (\$80,000) loss of cultured [tilapia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia) in the [villages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages) of Leviste and Balakilong in [Laurel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel,_Batangas) and in Barangay Aya and Barangay Quiling in [Talisay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talisay,_Batangas). 6,000 maliputo fishes (P 230,000) also died at Quiling. [Toxic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic) [sulfur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur) and high level of [hydrogen sulfide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide) in Ambulong while low dissolved [oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen) caused the deaths. **[Department of Transportation]** From 1899 to 1979 all transportation activities were integrated into the structure and an activity of what is today the [Department of Public Works and Highways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_and_Highways_(Philippines)). ### ### Early history On July 28, 1979, the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC), headed by Minister José P. Dans Jr. was formally created pursuant to Executive Order No. 546. Under this Executive Order, the Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (MPWTC) was divided into two separate ministries: The Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC) and the Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH). The MOTC became the primary policy, planning, programming, coordinating, implementing and administrative entity of the executive branch of the government in the promotion, development and regulation of a dependable and coordinated network of transportation and communication systems. The infrastructure projects undertaken during this period included: - [Light Rail Transit System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System) - Computer-Controlled Traffic Lights System - Manila International Airport, renamed to [Ninoy Aquino International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport) - Central Post Offices in [Makati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati), [Caloocan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocan), [Quezon City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City), and [San Juan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila) It was also during this period that the motor vehicle registration and control was improved with the introduction of permanent vehicle license plates and the staggered registration system. A bus leasing program provided an additional 1,000 new buses in Metro Manila. The operations of both the [Philippine National Railways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_National_Railways) and the Metro Manila Transit Corporation were improved and expanded. At the same time, the Manila South Line of the PNR serving the [Bicol Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol_Region) was rehabilitated. ### Post-1986 On February 26, 1986, just after the [1986 EDSA Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_EDSA_Revolution), Congressman Hernando B. Pérez was appointed Minister of Transportation and Communication by [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines) [Corazon C. Aquino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_C._Aquino). In March 1987, [technocrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy_(bureaucratic)) Rainerio O. Reyes, was appointed Minister of MOTC. Immediately after, the MOTC was reorganized pursuant to Executive Order Nos. 125, and 125-A. With these Executive Orders, the MOTC was made into a Department, under the Executive branch of the Government. Under Secretary Reyes, the quasi-judicial functions of the Department were transferred to the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board, which was created through Executive Order No. 202. ### ### Under Fidel V. Ramos Jesus B. Garcia was appointed Secretary of the DOTC by President [Fidel V. Ramos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos). Under Garcia, new entrants were allowed in the [landline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline) and [cellular phone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_phone) services, dilapidated [taxi cabs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_cab) were also phased out in favor of brand new and late model units. ### ![https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Denr-emb\_aqms\_station.jpg/220px-Denr-emb\_aqms\_station.jpg](media/image14.jpeg) *An air quality monitoring station in [Marikina City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikina_City) maintained and run by the DENR.* **[DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT]** **DSWD'S Field Office Building in the National Capital Region** In 1915, the **Public Welfare Board** (PWB) was created and was tasked to study, coordinate and regulate all government and private entities engaged in social services. In 1921, the PWB was abolished and replaced by the **Bureau of Public Welfare** under the Department of Public Instruction. On November 1, 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 439 created the Department of Health and Public Welfare and in 1941, the Bureau of Public Welfare officially became a part of the Department of Health and Public Welfare. In addition to coordinating services of all public and private social welfare institutions, the Bureau also managed all public child-caring institutions and the provision of child welfare services. In 1947, [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines) [Manuel Roxas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas) abolished the Bureau of Public Welfare and created the **Social Welfare Commission**, under the Office of the President, in its place. In 1968, [Republic Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Act) 5416, known as the Social Welfare Act of 1968, created the **Department of Social Welfare**, placing it under the executive branch of government. In 1976, the Department of Social Welfare was renamed **Department of Social Services and Development** (DSSD) through Presidential Decree No. 994. This was signed into law by President [Ferdinand E. Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_E._Marcos) and gave the department an accurate institutional identity. On June 2, 1978, the DSSD was renamed **Ministry of Social Services and Development** (MSSD) in line with the change in the form of government. In 1987, the MSSD was reorganized and renamed Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) through Executive Order 123, which was signed by President [Corazon C. Aquino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_C._Aquino). Executive Order No. 292, also known as the Revised Administration Code of 1987, established the name, organizational structure and functional areas of responsibility of DSWD and further defined its authority. In 1991, the passage of Republic Act No. 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991 effected the devolution of DSWD basic services to local government units. **CHAPTER III** **POWERS AND FUNCTIONS, ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PUBLIC SAFETY AGENCIES** **[PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE]** ***Vision*** Imploring the aid of the Almighty, by 2030, We shall be a highly capable, effective and credible police service working in partnership with a responsive community towards the attainment of a safer place to live, work and do business. ***Mission*** The PNP shall enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain peace and order, and ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of the community. ***Core values*** *"Makadiyos, Makabayan, Makatao, at Makakalikasan. "* ***Powers and Functions*** As provided for by Section 14, R.A. No. 6975, the following are the powers and functions of the PNP: 1. Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and properties; 2. Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public safety; 3. Prevents and investigates crimes; 4. Arrest criminal offenders and bring offenders to justice and assist in their prosecution; 5. Exercise the general powers to make arrest and search and seizure in accordance with the Philippine 1. 2. - Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM) - Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development (DHRDD) - Directorate for Logistics (DL) - Directorate for Research and Development (DRD) - Directorate for Comptrollership (DC), Directorate for Intelligence (DI) - Directorate for Operations (DO) - Directorate for Plans (DP) - Directorate for Police Community Affairs and Development (DPCAD) - Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM) - Directorate for Information Technology and Communication Management (DITCM) - Directorates for Integrated Police Operations (5) (DIPOs). 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. OLD PNP RANKS NEW PNP RANKS -------------------------------- ---------------------------------- Police Director General Police General Police Deputy Director General Police Lieutenant General Police Director Police Major General Police Chief Superintendent Police Brigadier General Police Senior Superintendent Police Colonel Police Superintendent Police Lieutenant Colonel Police Chief Inspector Police Major Police Senior Inspector Police Captain Police Inspector Police Lieutenant Senior Police Officer 4 Police Executive Master Sergeant Senior Police Officer 3 Police Chief Master Sergeant Senior Police Officer 2 Police Senior Master Sergeant Senior Police Officer 1 Police Master Sergeant Police Officer 3 Police Staff Sergeant Police Officer 2 Police Corporal Police Officer 1 Patrolman **[NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION]** The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) is a law enforcement agency of the government of the Republic of the Philippines, and under the Department of Justice (DOJ), and it is responsible for handling and solving major high-profile cases that are in the interest of the nation. The present day NBI is a government entity that is civilian in character. and national in scope. Its jurisdictions are territorial jurisdiction, the NBI is national in scope and has the investigative power within the entire Philippine archipelago; and case jurisdiction, the NBI has investigative jurisdiction over criminal cases, upon its own initiative and as public interest may require; and administrative and civil cases in which the government is interested, or whenever it is properly requested. ***Vision, Mission and Objectives*** ***Vision*** \"a world-class investigative institution, which is dynamic, respected, and committed to the high ideals of law and order." ***Mission*** \"to provide quality investigative, and forensic services to the people through advanced methods and equipment in the pursuit of truth and justice.\" ***Objectives*** To maximize efficiency and effectiveness in the investigation of all forms of crimes and offenses, including appropriate civil and administrative cases, and to upgrade the quality of the bureau\'s information and intelligence on criminal and subversive future plans and activities. **Powers and Functions** As provided for by Section 4, R.A. No. 10867, the powers and functions of the NBI, are as follows; a. Undertake investigation and detection of crimes and offenses enumerated under Section 5 hereof; b. Issue subpoena for the appearance of any person for investigation or production of documents, through its officers from the ranks of Regional Director to Director; c. Act as a national clearing house of criminal records and other related information for the benefit of the government; d. Render technical assistance to government agencies and instrumentalities, when so requested; e. Extend assistance in cases involving extradition and mutual legal assistance, when requested by the Department of Justice; f. Establish an NBI Academy which shall be responsible for the recruitment, training, and development of all NBI agents and personnel, among others; g. Establish and maintain a Forensic and Scientific Research Center which shall serve as the primary center for forensic and scientific research in furtherance of scientific knowledge in criminal investigation, detection, evidence collection and preservation, and provide the necessary training therefor; h. Establish and maintain a Cyber Investigation and Assessment Center which shall serve as the nerve center for computer information technologies, data on cybercrime cases, computer intrusion, threats, and other related crimes or activities; i. Establish and maintain an integrated, comprehensive, and state-of-the-art network of equipment and facilities to be used by the NBI in its criminal investigation, detection, and evidence gathering, and to provide the corresponding training in this regard; j. Request the assistance of the Philippine National Police (PNP), Armed Forces of the Philippines, or any other agency of the government, including government-owned and/or -controlled corporations, in its anti-crime drive. Such assistance may include the use of the agency's personnel and facilities upon prior approval by the head of the agency concerned; k. Conduct intelligence operations in furtherance of the foregoing powers and functions; l. Enter into any contract or transaction for the acquisition, ownership, possession, administration, lease, disposition or acceptance of real or personal property in its name, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Justice; m. Establish a modern NBI Clearance and Identification Center containing all derogatory and criminal records and civilian identification records, including their identifying marks and characteristics and fingerprint database, as well as dental records pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1575, entitled "Requiring Practitioners of Dentistry to Keep Records of Their Patients"; n. Maintain, for purposes of investigative and forensic requirements of the NBI, relevant database such as ballistic records of firearms including, but not limited to, data ownership, possession, and other related identifying circumstances; and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) databank; and o. Perform such other functions as the President or the Secretary of Justice may assign. **Positions** **Salary Grades** -------------------------- ------------------- Director SG 30 Deputy Director SG 29 Assistant Director SG 28 Regional Director SG 27 Asst. Regional Director SG 26 Head Agent SG 25 Supervising Agent SG 24 Senior Agent SG 23 Investigation Agent III SG 22 Investigation Agent II SG 20 Investigation Agent I SG 18 Special Investigator V SG 24 Special Investigator IV SG 22 Special Investigator III SG 18 1. He or she must be a citizen of the Philippines, of good moral character and excellent physical and mental condition; 2. He or she must be between the ages of 24 and 35 years; 3. He or she must weigh not less than 56.82 kgs., and not less than 1.65 meters in height without shoes; 4. His or her weight must be proportionate to his or her height; 5. He or she must not have any derogatory police or court record; 6. He or she must be a member of the Philippine Bar, a Certified Public Accountant, or Licensed Criminologist; and 7. He or she must first qualify in preliminary interview and examined as to height, weight, ad sight. **[PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY]** Sensing the widespread proliferation and pernicious effects of dangerous drug in various places of the country, the repeal of the provisions of R.A. No. 6425 was borne out into the conception of the joint Congress, which thus necessitating the creation of a lead agency that will specifically deal with the Supply Reduction Drive and Demand Reduction Drive (SRDDRD) in combatting dangerous drugs. Hence, this gave birth with the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), as the implementing arm of the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB). Relatively, the DDB is the policy-making and strategy- formulating body in the planning and formulation of policies and programs on drug prevention and control. The PDEA and DDB are both under the supervision of the Office of the President. **Mandate** The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) is responsible for efficient law enforcement of all provisions on any dangerous drugs and/or precursors and essential chemicals. **Functions** As the lead agency in the fight against illegal drugs, the law confers PDEA with the following functions to attain its mission: 1. Implement or cause the efficient and effective implementation of the national drug control strategy formulated by the Dangerous Drugs Board; 2. Undertake the enforcement of the provisions of Article II of RA 9165 relative to the unlawful acts and penalties involving any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemicals; 3. Administer oath and issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum relative to the conduct of investigation involving the violations of RA 9165; 4. Arrest and apprehend as well as search all violators and seize or confiscate the effects or proceeds of the crimes as provided by law; 5. Take charge and have custody of all dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals seized, confiscated or surrendered to any national, provincial or local law enforcement agency; 6. Establish a forensic laboratory in each PNP office in every province and city in order to facilitate action on seized or confiscated drugs, thereby hastening their destruction without delay; 7. Recommend to the DOJ the forfeiture of properties and other assets of persons and/or corporations found to be violating the provisions of RA 9165 and in accordance with the pertinent provisions of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001; 8. Prepare for prosecution or cause the filing of appropriate criminal and civil cases for violation of all laws on dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, and other similar controlled substances; 9. Monitor and if warranted by circumstances, in coordination with the Philippine Postal Office and the Bureau of Customs, inspect all air cargo packages, parcels and mails in the central post office; 10. Conduct eradication programs to destroy wild or illegally grown plants from which dangerous drugs may be extracted; 11. Initiate and undertake the formation of a nationwide organization which shall coordinate and supervise all activities against drug abuse in every province, city, municipality and barangay; 12. Establish and maintain a national drug intelligence system in cooperation with law enforcement agencies, other government agencies/offices and local government units that will assist in the apprehension of big-time drug lords; 13. Establish and maintain close coordination, cooperation and linkages with international drug control and administration agencies and organizations; 14. Create and maintain an efficient special enforcement unit to conduct an investigation, file charges and transmit evidence to the proper court; 15. Require all government and private hospitals, clinics, doctors, dentists and other practitioners to submit a report to it; 16. Coordinate with the DDB for the facilitation of the issuance of necessary guidelines, rules and regulations for the proper implementation of RA 9165; 17. Initiate and undertake a national campaign for drug prevention and control programs, where it may enlist the assistance of any department, bureau, office, agency or instrumentality of the government, including government-owned and/or controlled corporations; and 18. Submit annual and periodic reports to the DDB as may be required from time to time, and perform such other functions as may be authorized or required under existing laws and as directed by the President. **Positions** **Salary Grades** -------------------------- ------------------- Director III SG 27 Director II SG 26 Investigation Agent V SG 24 Special Investigator V Security Officer V Intelligence Officer V Investigation Agent III SG 22 Special Investigator IV Security Officer IV Intelligence Officer IV Investigation Agent I SG 18 Special Investigator III Security Officer III Intelligence Officer III Special Investigator II SG 15 Security Officer II Intelligence Officer II Intelligence Officer I SG 11 **[BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION]** ***Mandates, Vision and Mission*** **Mandate** \"The Bureau of Immigration and Deportation (BID), is principally responsible for the administration and enforcement of immigration, citizenship, alien admission, and enforcement of registration laws in accordance with the provisions of Act No. 623, or the \"Philippine Immigration Act of 1940.\" It also plays a role in the enforcement of the provisions of R.A. No. 9208, also known as the \"Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003.\" **Vision** \"It is committed by 2025 to be regionally and internationally recognized as providing excellent, efficient, effective, and innovative immigration service.\" **Mission** \"To control and regulate the movements of persons to, from, and within the country in contributing to national security and development.\" ***Policies, Core Values*** The Bureau of Immigration and Deportation (BID) is committed to provide the stakeholders a culture of excellence toward providing internationally recognized immigration services leading to effective, efficient, and innovative border control and management. The core values of the Bureau of Immigration and Deportation (BID), are as follows: patriotism, it does everything out of love of country; integrity, it does what is right even if nobody is watching; and professionalism, it is best at what it does. ***Key Focus Area*** **P** - Personnel Management and Enhancement; **A** -Agency Coordination; **T** -Transparency and Good Governance Programs; **R** -Refinement of Rules, Regulations, Procedures, and Policies; **I** - Infrastructure Improvement; **O**- Organizational and Structural Reforms; and **T** -Technology Advancement. **GENERAL FUNCTIONS** - Acts as the primary enforcement arm of the Department of Justice and the President of the Philippines in ensuring that all foreigners within its territorial jurisdiction comply with existing laws; - Assists local and international law enforcement agencies in securing the tranquility of the state against foreigners whose presence or stay may be deemed threats to national security, public safety, public morals and public health and; - Acts as chief repository of all immigration records pertaining to entry, temporary sojourn, admission, residence and departure of all foreigners in the country. **SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS** In the discharge of its broad functions, the Bureau through its Board of Commissioners, exercises administrative and quasi-judicial powers over the: - Regulation of the entry (arrival), stay (sojourn), and exit (departure) of foreign nationals in the country; - Monitoring of the entry and exit of Filipino citizens in compliance with Philippine laws and other legal procedures; - Issuance of immigration documents and identification certifications on non-immigrant, immigrant and special non-immigrant visas; - Issuance of special permits in relation to the enforcement of immigration laws (e.g. Special Work Permit (SWP), Provisional Permit to Work (PPW), Special Study Permit (SSP), re-entry permits, clearances, etc.); - Extension of stay of temporary visitors and implementation of changes of status as provided by law; - Administrative determination of citizenship and related status; - Investigation, hearing, decision and execution of orders pertaining to exclusion, deportation, and repatriation of foreign nationals; - Implementation of Hold Departure Orders, Blacklist, Watch list, Immigration Lookout Bulletin Orders and Alert List Orders; - Cancellation of immigration documents upon violation of immigration laws and procedures; - Investigation, arrests and detention of foreigners in violation of immigration regulation and other Philippine laws; - Accreditation of schools and learning institutions that can officially accept and enroll foreign students; and - Accreditation of law firms, liaison officers, travel agencies and other individuals and organizations transacting with the Bureau of Immigration **QUALITY POLICY** The Bureau of Immigration is committed to provide our stakeholders a culture of excellence towards providing internationally recognized immigration services leading to effective, efficient and innovative border control and management. **[PHILIPPINE COAST GUARD]** The Philippine Coast Guard is the country's vanguard against the entry of unsafe foreign vessels into the country through its Port State Control. At present, the Philippine Coast Guard has seven (7) PSC Centers and fifteen (15) PSC Divisions all throughout the archipelago. The PSC Center in Manila has the bulk of all inspections based on frequency of foreign ship calls. Pursuant to RA 9993, the Philippine Coast Guard is mandated to enforce regulations in accordance with all relevant maritime international conventions, treaties or instruments of which the government is signatory and national laws. **MARITIME SAFETY** or **MARSAF** function is designed to help prevent or minimize unnecessary loss of lives and properties at sea. The seaworthiness of every vessel leaving the port is ensured through the intensified Mandatory Pre-departure Inspection which include the compliance of vessels to safety standards and preventio

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