LANG211 Final 2023 PDF

LANG211: Exam Week 18 BSN 3RD YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2023...

LANG211: Exam Week 18 BSN 3RD YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2023 Bachelor of Science in Nursing 3YB Professor: Edith M. Dela Cruz, PTRP. MAEd. Final Topics: Kimasen = masu form/ polite negative non past. “dont Nihongo Verbs come” (Kapag polite form na negative, may “sen” lagi, Particles, Returning Coming and Going, Receiving and arimasen, sumimasen, etc) Giving Kureba = ba form or conditional form “if you will come” Sound symbolism and Weather Koi = command form (no polite form) “Come!!!!” Koyo = plain volitional form “will come” CHARACTERISTICS OF NIHONGO VERBS kimasho = polite volitional form in “I will come, or we will 1) Japanese verbs do not have different forms to indicate the come” number or person or gender of the subject of the sentence. Kiite kudasai = LISTEN The same forms are used whether the subject is “I” or “you” Kitte kudasai= COME (magkaiba ang KIITE at KITTE) or “they” or anything else. Suru - This implies that there are no plural forms of singular Suru = most commonly used for compound verbs which forms of Verbs means “to do” this is also the plain affirmative non past - Not gender specific; same verb form for female and form/ jisho male Shimasu = masu form/polite affirmative non past form - Not affected by first person, second or third person Shinai = nai form/ plain negative non past form which pronouns mean in English “don’t do” 2) Verbs are very often used without a pronoun subject such Shimasen = masu form/ polite negative non past form as in Kaimasu. (may mean I buy/they buy depending on the “don’t do” context). Often time the pronoun less verb sentences is Sureba = ba form, plain affirmative conditional form determined by context, but in ambiguity pronouns/ nouns English “ If (you) will do” may be use. Shiro, seyo = command form in English “do!!!” 3) There are a number of compound verbs in Nihongo and the Shiyo = plain volitional form in English (I) shall do; most commonly used compound verb is “suru” - Example/ Rei: Shimasho = let us do Benkyo (study), suru (to do) Shinai de = te form (use in one or more action take place in succession in English word “then” benkyo shimasu / benkyo narimasu 4) All verbs ends in “U” there is no exemption to that. SUNDE = PRESENT PROGRESSIVE / STATE OF BEING 5) In the event that you will use more than one verb in the Ex. Asa pan o tabete, kohi wo nonde, gakkou e ikimasu. sentence, only the last verb in the sentence will be agglutinated in the “masu” form and the rest will be in the Regular verbs & Conjugation Classes abrupt/plain form. - Ru verbs – are verbs whose dictionary forms end in - anata wa taberu to nonde kudasai = te kudasai syllable “ru” and their conjugated forms are created by - massugu itte kudasai= dropping “ru” and adding suffix or particle. 6) Japanese verbs change forms based on polarity (negative - U verbs – are the verbs whose dictionary forms ends in any or affirmative) based on tense and what is following them of the nine syllables, u , ku , gu , su , tsu, mu, nu, bu , ru (rei nouns, predicative phrase and particles). and their conjugated forms are created by dropping the - The non past plain affirmative form of the verb is called final “u” and some suffix or particle. dictionary “jisho word” because it is use in the listing of - Basically, recall the exemptions to the rule of U verbs words in the dictionaries. present tense abrupt/ jisho that ends in: words 1) -iru Hairu (to enter) = hairimasu Irregular Verbs Hashiru (to run) = hashirimasu Kuru Kiru (to cut) = kirimasu Kuru = “to come” dictionary or jisho form/ infinitive form/ Iru (to need) = irimasu plain non past form (come) k+ (I)masu form 2) -eru Kimasu = a polite form of “to come”, masu form polite Keru (to kick) = kerimasu affirmative non past form/ present tense (English is Shaberu (to speak/chat) = shaberimasu “come”.) Suberu (to slip/slide) = suberimasu Konai = “not come”, nai form/ plain negative non past (they Neru (to elaborate/knead) = nerimasu don’t use affirmative) (“nai” means wala or hindi, basta *ne+ masu form – to go to bed is a “ru” verb nemasu negative kapag may “nai”) J.A.K.E 1 of 4  FOREIGN LANGUAGE 1: BSN 3RD YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2023 Conjugation/ agglutination of verbs Te form Basic rule in conjugating/agglutinating verbs: - Is made by adding the suffix “te” to the combining form of 1) Determine what type of verb – Regular or irregular the verb, but the te form of most “U” verbs undergoes 2) For Regular verbs determine if it is a RU or U dropping verb extensive euphonic changes. IRU/ERU= RU DROPPING - The suffix “te” will become “de” for the verbs that ends in Usually verbs that ends in “iru” and “eru” are Ru verbs bu, mu, nu, gu Drop the “ru” to get the stem word/ combining form - Second, the syllable “ki”, “gi” at the end of the combining then add the suffix based on the tense/mood form will become “I” Drop “u” for u ending to get the stem word or combining - Third, the syllable “mi, ni, bi” at the end of the combining form then add the suffix based on mood form will become “n” for mu, nu, bu jisho word Masu form - Fourth for the syllable “ri or chi” at the end of the - The verb that ends in the “(i)masu” form is considered a combining form as well as syllable “I” not preceded by a polite suffix. consonant but occurring at the end of the combining form - Verb combining form/stem word + (i)masu = polite non must be deleted and its position must be filled by doubling past affirmative/ present tense the consonant ”t” of the suffix te for dictionary word that - Verb combining form + (i)masen = polite non past ends in ru,tsu, or u not preceded by a consonant * negative exemption is Ikite- to go = itte rather than iite - Stem word + (i)mashita = polite past affirmative form Other Verb forms in Nihongo - Combining form + (i) masen deshita = polite past - Ta form = plain past perfect affirmative form negative form Tabeta in negative = “tabenakatta” - Stem word + (i)masho = polite volitional form (let us) - Ba form = plain conditional form - Verb + te mo ii desu ka – for polite request/ (I)te kudasai Kaku-kakeba in negative = “kakanakereba” (POLITE request) Heya ga kurakereba, denki wo tsukitte kudasai (Please Asoko de sore o oite kudasai (Can I place that (object) switch on the light if the room is dark) over there?) - Tara form = plain conditional form things need to be Niwa o tsukette kudasai (Can I make a garden.) fulfilled or other events to take place, when condition is - (i)te imasu = state of being (present progressive) different from reality, or definitely going to happen in the Onna hito wa asoko ni tatte imasu (A woman is standing future over there.) Ex. Tabetara in affirmative/negative = “tabenakattara” Kasa motte arimasu ka (Do you have an umbrella?) Ame ga furanakattara, sakka wo shimasu. (If it doesn’t - Verb + (i)te imasu = for habitual action rain, ill play soccer.) Nihongo wa mai nichi benkyou shite imasu (I study - Passive form = verb being use when the grammatical Nihongo everyday.) subject is the person or thing that experiences the effect of - Verb (ABRUPT FORM) + yotei desu = plan to study action; or something is done to somebody. “benkyo suru yotei desu” Taberareru passive form (eaten) Cebu e iku yotei desu (I plan to visit/go to Cebu) Taberaremasu (is eaten) - Verb (ABRUPT FORM) + na = for command - Potential form = describe the ability or inability to do Ikuna (Don’t go) something Sawaru na (Don’t touch) Tabereru (can eat) - Verb + nai de kudasai = please don’t do Kakeru (can write) Samui desu kara, eakon o tsukinaide kudasai. (Please don’t turn on the aircon it is cold.) - Verb (Present plain/jisho) + desho = probably Kaeru desho (He is probably returning.) - Verb + tai desu = desiderative Tabetai (wants to eat) Tabetai desu ka (u want to eat?) J.A.K.E 2 of 4  FOREIGN LANGUAGE 1: BSN 3RD YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2023 PARTICLES, RETURNING COMING AND GOING, RECEIVING Conjunctional Particles AND GIVING - These particles follow phrases and clauses and conjoin Particles/ Joshi/ Tenioha verbs adjectives or create adverbial phrase/clauses. - Japanese particles are function words used to give context Conjunctional particles include TE, TARI, TARA, TO, KA, BA, to other words. NODE, NONI, KARA, and GA. - They make sentences clearer, but they don’t change like - Examples: verbs or nouns. Kino wa tabete nonde nemashita (I ate drank and slept - They are suffixes or short words that modifies noun, verb, yesterday) adjective or sentence. Their grammatical range can Ashita no tenki wa do ka wakarimasen ga tabun haeru indicate various meaning. to omoimasu. (I’m not sure about tomorrow’s weather, - In Japanese, however this are very important. It plays a big but I think that it will be probably be fine.) part in telling you what someone’s talk about and can Tabako wa karada ni warui node, yamemashita. function like conjunctions and prepositions like in and with (Cigarettes are not good for health, so I quit.) or to but unlike in English particles are mostly prepositions rather than post positions. (please do not mistake this with - “no” = belonging to, in relation to, apposition prepositions in English that tells about positions of objects This is use to show ownership as in personal pronouns things and persons) + “no” can transform it into possessive pronouns WATASHI= I Particles types WATASHINO= MY Case Particles connects two words together (Ex: Furansu no chizu, - Usually follow nouns and express the function of the noun kinou no ban) in the sentence or phrase. More specifically, they express can show relationship in expressing positions (Ex: the relationship between noun in the sentence or in the teberu no ue) phrase. More specifically they express the relationship - “ni”/e = Indicating destination/ direction with the verb between nouns or between a noun and a verb or an coming, going and return “E” = towards ‘KURU, IKU, adjective. KAERU - Case particles include, GA, O, NI, NO,DE, KARA, MADE, E, - “NI” = indicating the recipients for the verbs give: TO, YA and KA. Watashino sensei wa watashi ni empitsu o agemashita. - Examples: (My teacher gave me a pen). The subject of the Chichi ga ototo o shikarimashita. (my father scolded sentence is the one who gave the object while the noun my little brother) preceded by the particle “ni” is the recipient (ageru, Watashino tomadachi no imoto ga kimashita. (My kudasaru sashigeru, kureru). friend’s younger sister came.) - “NI” = (for) indirect object Focus Particle Haha no hi ni okasan ni nani o katte agemashita ka. - It follows words and other particle in order to focus on the (What did you buy your mother on Mother’s Day?) = entity denoted by the word and express sentence external purpose / place of existence or presence/ arriving point information such as the speaker’s knowledge, Ima eki ni tsukimashita (I arrived at the train station just understanding, mood, attitude and perspective. now) = expresses purpose - Focus particles include WA, MO, DEMO, DAKE, SHIKA, SHI, Mai asa sanpo ni ikimasu (I go for a walk every morning.) and KOSO - “ni/kara” = Indicating the source of objects/things with - Examples: the verb receive Karaoke ni wa yoku ikimasu. Izakaya ni mo yoku ikimasu Watashi wa watashino sensei ni/kara empitsu o (I go to karaoke very often. I also go to Izakaya very moraimashita. (I received a pen from my teacher.) often.) Chichi Wa Haha Kara/Ni Kareno Tanjoubi De Puruzento Ichiman en shika arimasen. (I have only 10,000 yen). O Moraimashita (My father received a gift from my Sentence – Final Particles mother on his birthday.) = The subject of the sentence is - This are particles found at the end of each sentence and the one who received and the Noun preceded by the specify the function of the sentence or show the speaker’s particle kara/ ni is the GIVER/ SOURCE of the object. mood, attitude, or subtle implications. - Sentence-final particles include KA, NE, YO, and NA. MORAU/ ITADAKU = RECEIVE - “de” = (BY) Indicating transportation. - Examples: Ex: Basu de ikimasu (Go by bus) = means/ tools/ Ano hito wa kirei desu ne. (That person is pretty, isn’t methods use in an action; she?) “seeking agreement” Hashi de tabemasu (eat with chopsticks) = to specify Kore wa dame desu yo. (This one is not good) other types of surrounding conditions of an action, such “emphasis” as number of people. Ame wa furu kana. (I wonder whether it will rain) “Speculation” Indicating the location of activity, indicating tools, means/ methods. A place where an event is held/ or action is performed. J.A.K.E 3 of 4  FOREIGN LANGUAGE 1: BSN 3RD YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2023 Kaigi wa kono heya de hirakaremasu. (The meeting is Nyanya = neko (cat) held in this room) Buta = buta (pig) - “o” = Indicating a direct object with the particle which Bunbun = hachi (bee) is placed in between the noun (after a noun) and before Chuchu = nezumi (mouse) the verb. Use at the beginning of a phrase to express Momo = ushi (cow) politeness. - Psychomimes ojama shimasu Punpun = bad mood. Ex: Ane wa kyo punpun shite okane imasu. (My older sister is in a bad mood today) Sowasowa = restless. Ex: Maiku san wa kyo sowasowa Expressing Coming, Going and Return shite imasu. (Mike is restless today.) - The verbs coming and going are frequently used for describing one’s daily activities. Iku means to go kuru Small Talk about the Weather means to come and kaeru means to return or come back - Japanese are very private but very courteous people. (to office, home, dorm etc.) Common subject of social conversation are talks about the - Bunkei for Verb sentence. weather. - Examples: - The following are small talks about the weather. A wa B de Loc ni VF. = I went to Japan on a plane = How is the weather? (Donna tenki desu ka.) “Watashi wa Hikoki de Nihon ni ikimashita.” Chotto samui(cold)/ atsui desu (It’s a little bit cold/ hot) B = means of transpo “DE” = A wa adv B de C o VF = We It’s awful weather (Hidoi tenki desu.) ate breakfast at Mr Tanaka’s house yesterday. “Watashi It’s beautiful weather. (Subarashii tenki desu) tachi wa kinou no asa Tanaka san no uchi de asagohan It’s a fine weather (ii o tenki desu) o tabemashita.” IIt’s cloudy (kumori desu) My mother is cooking right now. “Haha wa ima ryori it’s snowing. (Yuki ga futte imasu) shite imasu.” = PLACE OF ACTION t’s thundering. (kaminari ga natte imasu) Where would you like to work? = “Doko de hataraki tai It’s windy. (kaze ga tsuyoi desu) desu ka” There’s lightning. (Inazuma ga hikatte imasu.) I want to work in Tokyo or Osaka = “Tokyo ka Osaka de It’s a foul weather. (Warui tenki desu) hatarakitai desu.” It’s a pleasant day (kaiteki desu) My older sister often goes to the bank. = “Ane wa yoku Its windy (kaze ga tsuyoi desu) ginko ni ikimasu.” It’s starting to rain. (Ame ga futte kimashita ne.) My older brother doesn’t go to the hospital very often. = “Ani wa amari byoin ni ikimasen.” It’s thundering (Kaminari ga natte imasu) There’s lightning. (Inazuma ga hikatte imasu) SOUND SYMBOLISM AND WEATHER It’s sunny (Hi ga tette imasu) Sound symbolisms – GISEIGO/ GITAIGO - Japanese is abundant in sound symbolisms in the form of phonomimes (onotomapoeia, giseigo) and psychomimes (gitaigo) All languages have phonomimes or direct phonetic representations of actual sounds in everyday life, such as GAMBARE MINNA! in English bang, bow wow which often associated in children language. - In Japanese however, not only phonomimes, phenomimes and psychomimes are an integral part of adult spoken and written Japanese. - The following below are examples of sound symbolism associated with specific verb. Kirakira (to) hikaru = shine sparkingly Korokoro (to) korogaru = small object rolls Potapota (to) ochiru = small amount of liquid/ drips Sakusaku (to) kiru = cut a thin slice or light object Giragira (to) Hikaru = shine / dazzlingly Gorogoro (to) korogaru = heavy object rolls Geragera = laugh loudly Nebaneba = sticky Pika-pika no kutsu = shiny shoes Pasa-pasa no kami = dry hair Wanwan = inu (dog) J.A.K.E 4 of 4