Landforms and Water Bodies PDF

Geography Major Landforms of the Earth – Lesson 3 MAJOR LANDFORMS OF THE EARTH-LESSON PLA – FORMS 4 MAJOR WATERBODIES- LESSON 5  Major Landforms of the Earth LI: Visualize and a...

Geography Major Landforms of the Earth – Lesson 3 MAJOR LANDFORMS OF THE EARTH-LESSON PLA – FORMS 4 MAJOR WATERBODIES- LESSON 5  Major Landforms of the Earth LI: Visualize and analyze the importance of different landforms and waterbodies and its impact on life on earth LO: Understand and describe the features of landforms and water bodies and its impact on region's economy and life. Success Criteria To be able to identify the features of landforms and water bodies To be able to explain the importance of landforms and waterbodies To be able to locate the given features on a map The Four Spheres: Interactions that Shape the World | Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Geosphere - YouTube  Lithosphere / Geosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere LITHOSPHERE / GEOSPHERE: The Earth's solid surface, often called the crust of the earth. It includes continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of the Earth's interior. HYDROSPHERE: All the water on Earth. 71% of the earth is covered by water and only 29% is continents/land ATMOSPHERE: A gaseous sphere and it envelopes the Earth. It is made up of a mixture of gases mainly; nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. BIOSPHERE: All life on earth, including man, and all organisms. The life zone on our planet distinguishes our planet from the others in the solar system. Mountain and Plain Landscapes | Educational Videos for Kids - YouTube  MAJOR LANDFORMS MOUNTAINS Mountains are massive areas of earth’s crust that rise to great heights above their surroundings. They may have steep or gentle slopes and occur in long narrow chains called ranges. There are three main types of mountains: a. FOLD MOUNTAINS, b. VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS c. BLOCK MOUNTAINS FORMATION OF MOUNTAINS Mountains are formed when two large plates, known as tectonic plates, collide under the earth’s surface. This collision leads to the plates being pushed upwards to form peaks. Sometimes the collision of these plates pushes the heavier plate below the lighter plate. This process is called subduction. These movements inside the earth are responsible for the formation of mountains and volcanoes and this process is called endogenous (coming from inside)  FOLD MOUNTAINS Fold mountains are formed when the layers of the earth’s crust are folded by compression. The compression is caused by forces generated by movements inside the earth. Fold mountains are of two types: OLD FOLD MOUNTAINS: These are fold mountains which were formed over 250 million years ago, such as the Urals in Russia, the Appalachians in North America and the Aravallis in India. Old fold mountains have gentle slopes and low altitude due to weathering over time. YOUNG FOLD MOUNTAINS These are fold mountains which were formed comparatively recently, 25 million years ago. They comprise the world’s highest mountain ranges. Young fold mountains are rugged and lofty. The Rockies of North America, the Andes of South America, the Alps of Europe, the Great Dividing Range in Australia, the Atlas mountains in Africa and the Himalayas of Asia are examples of young fold mountains. (32) Block Mountains Formation - YouTube FAULTING / BLOCK MOUNTAINS (32) Block Mountains Formation - YouTube Faulting is the rupturing or fracturing of rock strata due to strain. When such cracks or faults occur in the earth’s crust, the land between the crack's sinks, leaving upstanding blocks on either side of the fault. These blocks are called BLOCK MOUNTAINS. The edges of such mountains are steep, and the surfaces are almost level. Examples – The Vosges and the Black Forest of Europe and the Vindhyas in India. VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS Volcanic mountains are built when molten lava, ash, cinder and dust from deep inside the earth come out on the surface through cracks in the earth’s crust and accumulate in the shape of high cones. The opening through which lava and other materials come to the surface is called the VENT. The funnel-shaped depression at the top of a vent is called a CRATER. Examples – Mt. Fiji in Japan, Mt. Mayon in the Philippines, Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and Mt. Vesuvius and Mt. Etna in Italy. Types of mountains and how they are formed - YouTube  ACTIVITY IN YOUR NOTEBOOK, MENTION ANY 5 WAYS IN WHICH MOUNTAINS ARE IMPORTANT TO US.  WORKSHEET – MAJOR LANDFORMS OF THE EARTH LO: To analyze how major landforms influence the growth of societies and lifestyles. Support the following statements with 1 or 2 reasons each: 1. Fold Mountains are formed by compression… 2. Old Fold Mountains have gentle slopes and rounded peaks… 3. Faulting causes Block Mountains to form… 4. Hydroelectricity is generated in some mountainous regions… 5. Plateaus are of good economic value… 6. The Grand Canyon is a dissected plateau… 7. Plains are good for agriculture and transport…  PLATEAUX Plateaux (plural of plateau) are the uplifted sections of the earth’s crust that are almost flat or level and usually descend steeply to the surrounding lowlands. A plateau is also sometimes referred to as a plain-in-the-air or tableland. Plateaux are of great economic value. Examples – The plateau of Tibet in Asia, the East African Plateau in Africa and the Colorado Plateau in North America. In India, the Deccan Plateau and the Chota Nagpur Plateau are good examples. (52) How Plateaus are formed | 2 types of Plateau - YouTube  Types of Plateaux 1. TECTONIC PLATEAU A tectonic plateau is formed by the movement of the earth’s crustal plates. Tectonic movement causes a huge portion of the earth’s surface to rise. Examples – The plateau of South Africa and the Turkish-Iranian Plateau 2. VOLCANIC PLATEAU A volcanic plateau is a plateau formed by the spread of successive layers of lava on a particular region. When the lava cools, it solidifies, and the successive sheets of lava finally form a raised tableland or a plateau over a period of time. Examples – The extensive Columbia Plateau, the north-western part of the Deccan Plateau and the Malwa Plateau 3. DISSECTED PLATEAU These have irregular surface marked by canyons, gorges or steep, narrow valleys formed by the process of erosion. They are mostly common in dry and desert regions. Examples – The Colorado Plateau, the Brazilian Plateau 4. INTERMONTAE PLATEAU These are surrounded by mountains and are the most common types of plateaus. Examples – The Tibetan Plateau which is enclosed by the Himalayan Mountains to its south and the Kunlun Shan to its north. 5. PIEDMONT PLATEAU Piedmont plateau lies between a mountain and a plain or an ocean. Examples – Patagonia Plateau in South America and the Piedmont Plateau of North America. How plains are formed | Geography terms (youtube.com)  Plains Plains or lowlands are vast, nearly flat, expanses of land which are usually less than 200 metres above sea level. They are mostly built by alluvium deposited by big rivers and their tributaries and are, therefore, also called river plains. River plains are fertile. Owing to the flat nature of the land, it is easy to construct roads and railways in plains. Plains that are found along the edges of continents adjacent to seas are called coastal plains, for example, the eastern and the western coastal plains of India. Types of Plains On the basis of formation, plains are grouped in three categories: Structural Plains, Erosional Plains, Depositional / Alluvial Plains  STRUCTURAL PLAINS: Plains that lie near the coast of a sea or an ocean are called structural plains. These plains are mainly formed by the uplift of a part of the seafloor or continental shelf. EROSIONAL PLAINS: Erosional plains are the result of the erosion of mountains, hills and plateaux. The eroded material is brought down to a low level by wind, rivers, rain and glacier. DEPOSITIONAL / ALLUVIAL PLAINS: Depositional plains are formed by sediments brought down on a large scale by natural agents such as moving ice, water and wind from the upper regions of mountains. COASTAL PLAINS: Plains that are found along the edges of continents adjacent to seas.  ACTIVITY In your notebook, mention any 2 ways in which PLAINS are important to us.  Basins A depressed section of the Earth's crust surrounded by higher land. Many basins are found alongside plateau edges and form areas of inland drainage, i.e., the rivers flowing in the basin do not reach the sea. Examples – The Tarim and Tsaidam Basins of Asia and the Chad Basin of north-central Africa are basins of inland drainage.  Valleys Valleys are low-lying lands between hills or mountains formed by an exogenous (from the outside) process, like a river flowing down the mountains, or due to the movement of plates inside the earth. A rift valley is a type of valley that is formed when the land between two faults sinks. In other words, the land between two block mountains is a rift valley. Examples – The Narmada Valley in India and the Nile Valley in Egypt are examples of rift valleys. Valleys may or may not have a river flowing through them. River valleys are usually V-shaped. Examples – Valley in Europe and the Damodar Valley in India are examples of river valleys. MINOR LANDFORMS ISLANDS PENINSULAS ISTHMUSES Observe the given picture in this slide and explain what is an island, a peninsula and an isthmus. Please write down your answers in the notebook.  MAJOR LANDFORMS OF THE EARTH – Answer Key Learning Intention: To analyze how major landforms influence the growth of societies and lifestyles. Support the following statements with 1 / 2 reasons each: 1. Fold Mountains are formed by compression… caused by forces generated by movements inside the Earth crust folds into layers. Collision of these plates pushes the heavier plate below the lighter plate this process is called subduction. 2. Old Fold Mountains have gentle slops and rounded peaks… over a period of time due to weathering agents like wind, water, heat, freeze /thaw; all wear down the peaks and slopes. 3. Faulting causes Block Mountains to form… when cracks occur in the Earth’s crust the land between the cracks sinks leaving behind blocks on either side of the faults. These are bock mountains with steep edges and almost level surfaces 4. Hydro-electricity is generated in some mountainous regions… rivers originate in glaciers in the mountains and stored in reservoirs used to produce hydroelectricity Water flowing down mountains with force as waterfalls are also harnessed to produce hydroelectricity. 5. Plateaus are of good economic value… some are known for its mineral wealth such as; gold, copper, diamonds, iron etc. some have waterfalls that help produce hydroelectricity also have large grassland areas suitable for animal rearing especially sheep, goat, and cattle. The lava plateaus when compared to other plateaus are richer in minerals and hence used for agriculture as the soil is very fertile. 6. The Grand Canyon is a dissected plateau… over a period of time due to weathering agents like heat of the desert, wind, water from the Colorado River eroded deep gorges and narrow valleys were created 7. Plains are good for agriculture and transport… fertile soil: The plains generally have deep and fertile soil. As they have a flat surface, the means of irrigation can be easily developed and this is why plains are called the ‘Food baskets of the world’. Transportation is easy on flat land and the growth of agriculture and industries in plains have resulted in the setting up and expansion of cities and towns. The most developed trade centers and ports of the world are found in the plains only and as much as 80% of the world’s population lives here.  LESSON 4 – MAJOR WATER BODIES LI: Visualize and analyze the importance of different landforms and waterbodies and its impact on life on earth LO: Understand and describe the features of landforms and water bodies and its impact on region's economy and life. Success Criteria To be able to identify the features of landforms and water bodies To be able to explain the importance of landforms and waterbodies To be able to locate the given features on a map  MAJOR WATER BODIES Water covers 71 percent of the earth’s surface in the form of large and small water bodies. There are five oceans in the world, write the names of these five oceans in your notebook (57) The Water Bodies | The Dr. Binocs Show | Educational Videos For Kids - YouTube  SEAS: A sea is a part of the ocean that is smaller and shallower. It is usually close to the edge of a land mass or continent. GULFS AND BAYS: A gulf is a deep inlet of the sea almost surrounded by land, with a narrow mouth. A bay is an open, curving indentation made by the sea or a lake into a coastline. STRAITS: A strait is a narrow stretch of water that joins two large water bodies. LAKES: Lakes are small bodies of water which are surrounded by land on all sides. Lakes are bigger and deeper than ponds. How Rivers are formed (youtube.com) Rivers: A stream of water which flows in a channel from high ground to low ground The place where a river originates is called its source The place where its journey ends is called its Mouth Major Rivers of the World 1. Nile 2. Mackenzie River 3. The Saint Lawrence 4.The Rhine 5. The Danube 6. The Indus 7. The Ganga 8.The Huang Ho 9. The Yangtze 10. The Ob River 11. The Murray River  Importance of Rivers Provides fertile soil Used for human and animal's consumption Means of transport Source of energy Recreational activities (65) Water pollution | Water Contamination | Video for kids - YouTube  Pollution of Water Bodies Pollution is one of the biggest threats that the earth is facing today. Almost all human activities generate waste, causing pollution. Water pollution occurs when harmful waste is discharged into the water bodies. It affects all forms of water resources on earth – oceans, seas, rivers and lakes. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA. Causes of Water Pollution 1. Liquid waste from thermal power plants 2. Surface run-off 3. Untreated liquid waste 4. Oil spills Write down the following on the colored sheet provided for the above causes: a) A definition of these causes. b) Examples of how these causes happen. c) How it impacts the environment (local or global examples if possible)?