The Human Genome PDF

T so Part 1 I Dn so Ileg_  The humangenome cGenomics8 It isthestudy of an organism'sgenomeAndit isoneofthemostpowerfulstrategiesfor genesandinterpreting theirfunctions dentifyinghuman The HumanGenome...

T so Part 1 I Dn so Ileg_  The humangenome cGenomics8 It isthestudy of an organism'sgenomeAndit isoneofthemostpowerfulstrategiesfor genesandinterpreting theirfunctions dentifyinghuman The HumanGenomeProject The genomicera beganwithsequencing ofthehumangenome One ofthebiggestachievements inthelast 20yearswas thecompletionof theHumanGenome Project Thegoalwas to determinethe sequence thatmakeupHumanDNA Upon completing theproject scientists planned ifIn negliggyleotides 1 determinewhatgeneswouldcodeforspecificproteins 2 understandthe locationofgenesrelatedto inheriteddiseases 3 advance thefieldof medicine andtreatment 4 developandtrainthenextgenerationof molecularbiologests If all theDNA in thehumangenome werefusedtogether in one contineous line this is howfar thenucleotides wouldstretch sequencing thegenome Inorderto determinethesequenceof onecontineoushumangenome eachofthe46humanchromosome Iwas clearedintopiecesusingseveraldifferentrestrictionenzymestoproducefragmentswithoverlapping sequences ThesefragmentswerecompinedwithvectorstocreatrecombinantDNA B clonedtomakemanycopies andsequenced usingautomatedsequencingmachines Thencomputersanalyzedthe overlappingregionstogenerate one contineoussequence Decodingthesequence imaginethegenomeaswordsin abookwrittenwithoutcapitalization punctuation orbreaks betweenwords sentences or paragraphsandsupposethereare randomstrings oflettersscatteredbetweenandwithinsentences Inordertounderstandwh s written youhavetodecodethejumbledtentSemilarly scientistshadtodecodethegeneticcodeinthehumangenome scientistsobservedthatlessthan 2 22,300genes of all of thenucleotidescodefor alltheproteinsin thebody or are involvedin regulatory or structuralfunctions The remaining morethan 98 isfilledwithlong stretches ofrepeated sequencesthathaveno asyetknown functionand are called noncoding sequences Comparing genomes Analysisof thevastamount of datageneratedfromthisprojectwillcontinueformanydecades T completethishugetask researchersstudiedthegenom of otherorganisms fruit mouse Ecoli fly tohelptodevelopthetechnologyrequiredtohandle the largeamountofdataThesetechnologies helptoanalyzeandinterpretthefunctionsofnewlyidentifiedhuman genes  Identifying genes Afterthehumangenome is completely sequenced thenextstepis to identify thesections of the sequence that aregenes anddeterminethefunctions of thegenes Thefunctions of manygenes of humangenome are stillunknown To derminetheirfunctions researchers usetechniques thatintegratecomputeranalysisandrecombinantDNAtechnolog forbacteria yeast Theirgenomesdon'thave largeregionsof noncodingDNA Researchershaveidentified gen byscanningthesequence forOpen Reading Frames ORFs ORFs are stretches ofDNA containing at least 100codonsthat beginwith astartcodon AUG andendwith a stopcodo UAA UGA UAG Thesesequencesmustbetestedto determine if thesesequencesproduce functioningproteins ORFanalysishasbeenusedto identifycorrectly over 90 ofgenes in yeast andbacteria For Humans theidentificationofgenes in morecomplexorganisms requires more sophisticatedcomputer programs calledalgorithmsThese use informationsuchas the sequence of thegenomesofother organisms to identify humangenes Bioinformatics Theenormousamountofdataafterthecompletion ofthe HGPandthesequencing ofgenomesofoth organismscreated a newfeildofstudycalledbioinformatics whichinvolvescreatingandmaintaining databasesof biologicalinformation Thisfeilddraws on otherdisciplines computerscience biology math andengineering to analyzeandinterpretthedata Theanalysis ofsequenceinformation involvesfindinggenes inDNAsequencesofvariousorganismsanddevelopingmet opredictthestructureandfunctionofnewlydiscoveredproteinsScientistsalsostudytheevolutionof genesby rouping proteinsequencesintofamiliesofrelatedsequencesandcomparingsimilarproteinsfromdifferentorganisms DNATyping isthe processof separating an individual'suniquesequenceofDNAfragmentstoobservedistinctpattern forensicscientistspreferthetermDNAtypingoverDNAfingerprinting becausein addition to useit to dentifysuspects victimsdeterminepaternityandaindggf.gg theyalsoexamineactual prints nger Protein codingregions ofDNAare giggingpar individuals butthe long tretchesofnoncodingregionsareuniqueto eachindividual Withtheexceptionofidenticaltwins here is an extremely rarechancethat 2people intheworldhavethesamenoncodingregions DNAtyping process im winnow fromhumans blood hair saliva samplesobtained JW ims.ua be DNAisextractedfromthesesamplesusingchemicals PCRisusedtoamplifythesmallamount ofextractedDNAtocreatealargersample Ñj Electrophoresis usingdifferentmarkerstoanalyzethedeferentsegmentsoftheamplifiedDNA Theresultsarecomparedfromknownsources victimssuspects toidentifysimilarfragmentpatterns Thereis ahighprobabilitythatthe2DNAsamplescamefromthesamepersonifthe2fragmentpatternsmatch The historyofgenetictechnology 1984 inEngland DNAtypingwas developedby AlecJeffreys