L2 Basic Anatomical Structures PDF

University of Basrah Collage of Medicine Department of Anatomy 1st stage MC Basic Anatomical Structures: 1) Skin and Fascia 2) Muscles Lecturer Dr. Samer S. AL-Nussairi Orthopedic Specialist The skin has many functions such as protection, regulat...

University of Basrah Collage of Medicine Department of Anatomy 1st stage MC Basic Anatomical Structures: 1) Skin and Fascia 2) Muscles Lecturer Dr. Samer S. AL-Nussairi Orthopedic Specialist The skin has many functions such as protection, regulation and sensation and syntheses of Vit D. The skin is the first defense mechanism. It Protects the underlying structures against the following :  Skin contains 1. Langerhans cells in epidermis. 2. Macrophages cells in dermis These cells ingest forging bodies and pathogens. B. Protection against Ultraviolet light Melanocytes are melanin- producing cells found in basal layer of epidermis. Melanin particles are pigment molecules produced by melanocytes. The molecular structure of melanin protects against molecular damage from over exposure to UV radiation (UVR) and gives the skin a smooth, dark, tan appearance.. The skin provides a protective barrier from the external environment and prevents dehydration ( water loss.)  The skin contains an extensive network of nerve cells that detect and relay changes in the environment. There are separate receptors for heat, cold, pressure , touch, and pain. Damage to these nerve cells is known as neuropathy, which results in a loss of sensation in the affected areas. Basrah Medical College -Department Of Human Anatomy Dr : Hassna B. Jawad  Skin contains thermo receptors and sweat glands. Sweat glands release sweat, which cools your skin as it evaporates. This helps lower your internal temperature. 4.Synthesis of Vitamin D The keratinocytes of the skin are unique in being not only the primary source of vitamin D for the body, but in possessing both the enzymatic machinery to metabolize the vitamin D. The skin is made up of three main layers: 1.Epidermis 2.Dermis 3.Subcutaneous Hypodermis ( fascia). It is spiny in appearance contains living keratinocytes that is formed as a result of cell division in the stratum basale. As new keratinocytes are produced at the stratum basale, the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum are pushed into the layer above ( stratum granulosum). Among the keratinocytes there are Langerhans cell, which functions as a macrophage by engulfing bacteria, foreign particles. Basrah Medical College -Department Of Human Anatomy Dr : Hassna B. Jawad B. Dermis. These lines are important to determine the direction for an incision during a surgery to avoid obvious scars. The skin appendages are: Hair follicles. Sebaceous glands. Sweat glands. Nail Is a band of connective tissue containing closely packed bundles of collagen fibers that are produced by fibroblasts located within the fascia. It lies beneath the skin. It acts to stabilize, enclose, and separate muscles and other internal organs. Fascia is divided into : 1. Superficial fascia 2.Deep fascia.  Loose, mixture of adipose and loose areolar tissues. It unites the skin to the underlying structures. Functions: *Facilitates movement of skin over underlying structures. *Passageway for lymph, nerve and blood vessels *Protects the body against heat *stores fat and water. Muscles Types Of Muscles Function Of Muscles  Origin ORIGIN Belly BELLY Insertion INSERTION (Tendon , Aponeurosis) 2. Location of attachments named according to point of origin and insertion. Example : coracobrachialis 4. Location of muscle on the bone or body region Example :Tibialis anterior and brachialis 7. Direction of fibers and location Example: Rectus abdominus (fibers run straight), Transversus abdominus and Oblique abdominus (fibers run at angles to an imaginary defined axis.)  Biceps brachii Biceps brachii ge -Department Of Human Anatomy : Hassna B. Jawad 2.Antagonist muscle :Is a muscle opposes and reverses the action of prime movers Example :Triceps brachii muscle antagonist the action of prime mover biceps  Deltoid Department Of Human Anatomy ssna B. Jawad 4. Fixator muscle It only increase the tone to stabilize the joint : Example muscles around the shoulder joint ,supraspinatus ,infraspinatus ,teres minor and subscapularis (Rotator cuff muscles ). A. Unipennate B. Bipennate C. Multipennate Extensor digitorum longus Rectus femoris Deltoid The tendon is broad and flat when they are a part from flat muscle and cored like when it is a part of long slender muscle. *Very broad flat tendon are known aponeurosis. Skeletal Visceral It is band of connective tissue connects two bones and blends with the fibrous wall of joint cavity. Example : Anterior and Posterior cruciate ligament in knee joint