Introduction to Basic Human Anatomy PDF

Introduction to … BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY Sri-arun Iamjan, Ph.D. Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University Contact: [email protected], MS501 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY OBJECTIVES……...

Introduction to … BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY Sri-arun Iamjan, Ph.D. Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University Contact: [email protected], MS501 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY OBJECTIVES…… Outline…... ๑.) to know anatomical position,Ibody 1.) anatomical term rinivas Greg riwn/ location and direction in anatomy plane, 2.) anatomical position ๒.) to know cavity of the body 3.) body plain, direction , cavity ๓. ) to know anatomical term for each part 4.) body part of human body arie niwrs mis i an 5.) term of movement ๔.) to know term of movement dis : 17 Din Am. WHAT IS ANATOMY? Anatomy = Ana (apart) + tomy (cutting)  Subjects in anatomical study 1. Human Gross anatomy and basic anatomy 2. Human microanatomy or histology 3. Human embryology 4. Human neuroanatomy  newer was wishe disnw 1. ANATOMICAL POSITION inen wi:is i Crniteisnis engriMgTh Is 178 T Standard anatomical position: “Human standing Looking forward Feet together and pointing forward (toes forward) 0 O Folkens & White, 2005 Upper limbs are held out to each side, palms of the hands face forward” nurswur insenoaiwasnissis chondri https://quizlet.com/326649941/anatomical-position-diagram/ https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-6-anatomical-terminology/  Severne u 6 : 1078 3. Horizontal/Transverse plane 2. BODY PLANE O Missic 4 * superior and inferior parts lawern-and Migivas G I 2 longitudinal planes + 1 transverse plane : :7887 %m Ne. 1. Sagittal plane (vertical plane) 27862m] (1 : * left and right parts 1.1 Midsagittal 1 plane/median plane (*equal) Fina Connie 1.2 Parasagittal I plane (*non equal) Chinnin Intrada 2. Coronal plane (frontal plane) curiering * anterior and posterior parts ↳ arinos https://parallelcoaching.co.uk/what-are-the-three-anatomical-planes-of-movement  3. Terms of direction This is to explain locations and relationships of organs correctly. base Anterior ------------ Posterior doarOn rin Ventral ------------ Dorsal Superior ------------ Inferior N - Proximal ------------ Distal deride insistersCranial (rostral) ------------ Caudal Internal ------------ External rned Central ------------- Peripheral Iltamashishin raimi median 16612178887( I Medial ------------- Lateral A nur Intermediate Superficial ………………… Deep (profunda/profundus) zansa Ipsilateral –---------------- contralateral  4. BODY CAVITY = 4 MAIN CAVITIES * un 1. Ventral cavity 2. Dorsal cavity ↳ Mon p Green 2.1 Cranial cavity Inritg 2.2 Vertebral column/spinal cavity 1.1 Thoracic cavity (pleural cavity) Brain & meninges spinal cord & meninges Guerswis( Lungs in pleural cavities Heart in mediastinum 100 To studen 1.2 Abdominopelvic cavity ① Abdomen – liver & gall bladder, stomach, zig pancreas, spleen, small & large intestine, 8 kidneys, adrenal glands ① Pelvis –urinary bladder, male or female reproductive nitwisest : organs (ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina, rectum) https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-6-anatomical-terminology  4. BODY CAVITY = 4 MAIN CAVITIES * 1. Ventral cavity 2. Dorsal cavity - 2.1 Cranial cavity - 1.1 Thoracic cavity (pleural cavity) ~ 1.2 Abdominopelvic cavity Foramen Diaphragm - magnum 2.2 Vertebral column /spinal cavity https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32898810493.html https://www.anatomicalresearch.org/post/2017/09/26/opening-the-thoracic-cavity 5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY Ch ) : HEAD & NECK beschre - nithon 1951558 : Inse ins jos s (68) (ทีมา https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-6-anatomical-terminology/ ATS di jegg Note: (-) is adjective,Iout of (-) is noun 5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY : TRUNK (BODY) union Greie untion (arsson] uninos Sin z nignissnis ncaliz neng 102 Ge L IWES 5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY: UPPER LIMB swew · 1 love of First Wit https://wellnessadvocate.com/?dgl=2728 5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY: LOWER LIMB Greibe 5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY - ⑭ Anterior view Posterior view (ทีมา https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-6-anatomical-terminology/  6. TERM OF MOVEMENT 6.1 Abduction & Adduction => Move away from midline/body & move toward the midline/body @policis @Fingers https://sites.google.com/site/kinematechshand/home/motion-analysis-tools- kinematechs/hand-motion- analyzer?tmpl=%2Fsystem%2Fapp%2Ftemplates%2Fprint%2F&showPrintDialo g=1 @shoulder https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Example-of-primitive-motion-types-a- pronation-supination-at-forearm-b_fig1_282700667 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Finger-motion-flexion-extension- https://www.machinedesign.com/markets/medical/article/21831782/whats-the- abduction-adduction-and-circumduction_fig1_316249751  so insee 6. TERM OF MOVEMENT 6.2 Flextion & extension move & make angle of joint decrease = flexion Move & make angle of joint increase = extension Finger extension & flexion 6. TERM OF MOVEMENT Flexion at ankle joint desc  Dorsi flexion bes  Plantar flexion I  6. TERM OF MOVEMENT 6.3 Medial & lateral rotation Medial rotation = internal rotation Rotation can occur within the vertebral column, at a Lateral rotation = external rotation pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint i.e. > head, neck, body, atlantoaxial joint, shoulder joint, hip joint - https://www.crossfit.com/essentials/movement-about-joints-part-3-wrist http://www.elsevier-data.de/SobottaBlue/tables/23.htm https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap1/chapter/types-of-body-movements/ 6. TERM OF MOVEMENT 6.4 Circumduction 6.5 Inversion & Eversion 6.6 Pronation & supination o Move surface of plantar of foot to the midline Move surface of plantar of foot out of the midline on https://healthjade.com/pronation-and-supination/ https://healthjade.com/pronation-and-supination/ 6. TERM OF MOVEMENT 6.7 Depression & elevation elevation Downward and upward movements of the scapula (shoulder) or mandible Depression Mandible: Depression: opens the mouth Elevation : closes the mouth Ge https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=EvB2U0R6&id=0D4E2A4E79F5E332D395A2F124B9108066D2BC22&thid=OIP.EvB2U0R6- PF5_l4bhowg2wHaCC&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.crossfit.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2019%2f03%2f04154433%2f2-Fig-shoulder- elevation_depression.png&exph=700&expw=2550&q=depression+and+elevation+of+scapular&simid=608010245946410730&selectedIndex=7&ajaxhist=0 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap1/chapter/types-of-body-movements/  6.9 Opposition & reposition; thumb 6. TERM OF MOVEMENT Opposition: Brings the tip of the thumb to contact with protrusion/retrusion the tip of the fingers of the same hand 6.8 Protraction & retraction Reposition : reverse opposition i.e. Brings the thumb back next to the index finger. 1. Anterior-posterior movements of the scapula /or mandible 2. Mandible: Protraction: lower jaw is pushed forward, to stick out the chin Retraction: pulls the lower jaw backward https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap1/chapter/types-of-body-movements/ HUMAN BODY SYSTEM : FORMING OF HUMAN BODY 1. Cell = smallest unit of life that be able to function i.e. muscle cell, blood cell, nerve cells … Many similar cells together form 2. Tissue = groups of similar cells that work together on a specific task Equal or more than 2 tissues together form muscular epithelial 3. Organ = structures made up of two or more Nervous Connective tissues organized to carry out a particular function Many organs comes & works the same function 4. System = groups of organs with related functions & make up many different organ systems https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-body- structure-and-homeostasis/a/tissues-organs-organ-systems FORMING OF HUMAN BODY https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/tissues-organs-organ-systems  Garette 1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Functions; cover the body, water barrier Protection body from injury, bacteria or any microorganism Skin : 1. Thick skin 2. Thin skin 1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Hypodermis Skin derivatives Hairs Nail Glands: sweat gland sebaceous gland  INTEGUMENT SYSTEM Sri-arun Iamjan, Ph.D. Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University Contact: [email protected], MS501  OBJECTIVE & OUTLINE OBJECTIVES…… 1.) To know structures and understand functions of skin 2.) To know structures of skin derivatives; hair, nail, glands (sebaceous & sweat glands) Outline…... Skin – functions - types of skin - layers of skin - cells Hair---nail – skin glands Integumentary system The largest & heaviest organ of the body Skin functions (average weight 15% total body, 2 m2 surface area) 1. cover the body 2. protection (injury, bacteria or any microorganism) Two components 3. water barrier --- skin 4. body temperature regulation --- epidermal derivatives (hair, nail, glands 5. UV absorption for vitamin D synthesis i.e. sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous glands) 6. sensory organ (touch, pain, temperature) 7. excretion 8. melanin production 9. sexual signaling Skin-type of skin Skin type ---- onein 1. Thick skin ↳ 2. Thin skin Palm of hand, Sole of feet General area remaining from the body There are 5 layers for epidermis There are only 4 layers of epidermis (no stratum lucidum) Contains only sweat gland Contains hair follicle, erector pili muscle, sebaceous and sweat glands https://www.dinemagazine.com/beautiful-skin-breakthrough/ https://www.scienceabc.com/humans/why-do-we-have-lines-on-our-palms.html https://hannahlondon.com/body-skin-peels-and-microneedling/  Skin- layer of skin Skin layer ---- outer to inner 4 or 5 layers EPITHELIUM OF SKIN 1 ***KERATINIZED STRATIFIED KIE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM 2 2 layers THIS EPITHELIUM CAN BE netessa DIVIDED INTO 5 LAYERS BASED - ON DEVELOPMENT OF 3 1 layer KERATINOCYTES https://marthalhyde.wordpress.com/2011/05/20/what-is-the-hypodermis/  *Note; Skin –epidermis 4 layers for thin skin 5 layers for thick skin 5 layers of epidermis Sogger el8 1. stratum corneum (oldest) i - cornified cell - uppermost and most thickness layer - contains dead keratinocytes - become scurf (Busi thin skin) · Impli 2. stratum lucidum (clear cell) * - under stratum corneum - contain keratinocytes with no nucleus (death cells) - clear area, clear cells - found only in thick skin, not thin* http://medicinembbs.blogspot.com/2010/12/layers-of-epidermisskin.html  Skin –epidermis · ice cell 58rM zanting 3. Stratum granulosum (granule cell layer) - thin layer of granule cell, dark line /dark area - cell contain keratohyalin granule (granule cell pigment) Keratin ·ideas. 4. Stratum spinosum (spinous cell) (most thickness of thin skin) - spine shaped cells (flatted polygonal shape) = keratinocytes (living cells) atties 16 celle - spine = intercellular bridge (connect between cells) - found Langerhan’s cell sorry minier 5. Stratum basale (S. germinativum, basal cell) - Stem cell layer, (mitosis division), Only 1 layer of keratinocytes Keratinocytes - Found melanocytes , Markel cell Melanocyte - epidermal ridge – unique pattern (finger print) zadi be http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/integumentary/integum.htm SKIN – EPIDERMIS Epidermal ridge https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Integumentary_System_-_Histology Skin – cells in epidermis 1. Keratinocyte (90%) -many shapes based on layer - keratin protein (waterproof) (prevention water losing) - keratinocytes at 2 upper layers have no nucleus and cytoplasm (death cells) 1 2. Melanocyte (5%) ** - melanin pigment production cell found in stratum basale 3 - skin colour, UV protection & filter s. spinosum 2 s. basale 4 http://medicinembbs.blogspot.com/2010/12/layers-of-epidermisskin.html Skin – cells in epidermis 3. Langerhans cell (2-4%) - immune response and phagocytosis - peripheral dendritic cell with kidney shape nucleus - found in upper area of stratum spinosum 4. Markel cell - At stratum basale - Cell is clearer cytoplasm + irregular nucleus - Tactile mechanoreceptor cell - Found granule (neurotransmitter) Marhel  Skin – 2. Dermis DEEPER THAN STRATUM BASALE OF EPIDERMIS THICKER THAN EPIDERMIS ESPECIALLY IN THICK SKIN, BUT THINNER IN EYELIDS &PENIS Dermis In 1. Papillary layer 2. Reticular layer (small upper part) (large lower part) - or gener Chatsi - Loose connective tissue with - Dense irregular connective tissue 2 collagen and elastic fiber with high density of collagen - Many capillary fiber with some elastic fiber - **dermal papilla (finger print) - Hair follicle, arrector pili m. - **Meissner’s corpuscle - sebaceous and sweat gland (2 points discrimination) J - **Pacinian corpuscle (pressure) BWSIWIn Guide c , Euros  Skin –Dermis (layer of dermis) Epidermal ridge Dermal papilla Skin – Dermis Skin –3. hypodermis (subcutaneous) **Subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia (gross) -Deep to dermis, (it is not part of skin) -Loose connective tissue with high adipose tissue (adipocytes) -Abundant blood supply big (promotes uptake of insulin or drug injection) -Able to find hair follicle, Sweat gland, Pacinian corpuscle Adipose tissue Hypodermis  TEST YOURSELF A structure function in gross touch reception at skin is…………… SKIN DERIVATIVES 1. Hair 2. Nail 3. Skin glands 3.1 sebaceous gland 3.2 sweat gland 3.3 ceruminous gland  1. Hair hair shaft  Filamentous (elongated keratinized) structure which form ↳ within hair follicle (epidermal invagination  General area of skin except palms, soles, lips, glans penis, clitoris, and labia minora Functions; Thermoregulation, protect eye and nose from external substance, protect scalp from UV and mechanical trauma Variation; Size, shape, color , texture depend on age, genetic background and region of body  HAIR STRUCTURE 2. hair root (under skin surface) Main parts ; ***Hair follicle shest 1. hair shaft (upper skin) ni erroot -glassy membrane -external root sheath -internal root sheath -cuticle, cortex & medulla https://slideplayer.com/slide/8102833/ Min o o -hair bulb -hair matrix -dermal papilla/ hair papilla https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/hair/ HAIR STRUCTURE (CONT.) In thick hair, both hair root and hair shaft have 3 layers of … -Inner medulla (found only in thick hair) vacuolated, moderated keratinized cells soft keratin may contain melanin -Middle cortex** most important made up from heavily cellskeratinized densely packed hard keratin -Outer cuticle keratinocyte with melanin (hair color) thin or 1 layer of heavily keratinized squamous strength of hair cells covering the cortex main component of hair protect the cortex  HAIR FOLLICLE 1. Hair bulb -involve in growing of hair follicle 2. Dermal papilla/ hair papilla -contains capillary network which is needed for https://schoolworkhelper.net/histology-labelled-slides/hair-slide-labelled-histology/ sustain hair follicle 4. Epithelial root sheath; outermost cells of hair bulb which comprises 2 layers of 3. Hair matrix (germ cell) 4.1 internal root sheath -keratinocyte form stratum basale of epidermis -act as matrix of the elongating hair root 4.2 external root sheath -keratinization, melanin accumulation from melanocyte, - cover internal root sheath and extends all the way to terminal differentiate to form the hair epidermis -Melanocyte (melanin pigment) 5. Glassy membrane - separating hair follicle from dermis Long & short sections of hair follicle Hair bulb Glassy membrane Hair matrix Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Dermal papila Associated structures of hair follicle - https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/hair/ 1. sebaceous gland 2. arrector pili muscle oil or sebum secretion and has the opening to the hair follicle small bundle of smooth muscle cell  2. Nail Nail fold Hard plate of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx Structures in nail; Nail groove 1. Nail root 2. Eponychium (cuticle) - proximal part of nail plate which - only stratum corneum of epidermis extends Hyponychiu comes from nail matrix as the cuticle - covered by fold of skin called - cover nail root eponychium 3. Nail plate (body of nail) 4. Nail bed - visible compartment of nail - area under nail plate - pale pink color (from circulation - contains only stratum basale & spinosum of capillaries under nail plate) of epidermis - lies on top of epidermal nail bed  Nail (cont.) Nail fold *** 5. Nail matrix -actively dividing cells which move distally and become keratinized in a process of nail formation, but no keratohyaline granule -nail growing occurs at this nail matrix , (0.5 mm a month) Nail groove 6. Hyponychium -epidermal fold (accumulation of stratum corneum) 8. Nail groove Hyponychium -under free edge of nail - groove between nail fold & nail bed -attach distal end of nail plate to nail bed (distal end of nail plate bound to epidermis) 9. Lunula - half-moon shaped region of proximal nail 7. Nail fold - non translucent because it is part of opaque nail matrix - skin fold surrounding nail plate & immature nail plate below 3. Skin glands · use 1. Sebaceous gland (scist Testi 217  sebum (oil) secretion  puberty; influent by sex hormone (testosterone, ovarian & adrenal wonder androgen) 2. Eccrine sweat gland  most common inC face, forehead,  Sweat secretion & scalp (not found in palm and sole)  Temperature regulation etulan (notasmis statist 2. Apocrine sweat gland gi Cha http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gland Skin glands; 1. Sebaceous gland SIMPLE BRANCH ACINA HALOCLINE GLAND AT  group of secretory cells (acini) ; lipid RETICULAR LAYER OF DERMIS droplet (clear) https://kids.kiddle.co/Sebaceous_gland Skin glands; 2. sweat gland  Simple coiled tubular gland  most common in & small lumen subcutaneous layer  Secretory product = clear  axilla, pubic region, solution areolar & rectal opening  Widely distributed at area reticular layer of dermis in  Secretary product = more general skin and most in sticky solution (contain forehead, palm and sole, protein rich product) and except lips, glans penis, smell when mix with clitoris, labia minora bacteria  Start function since birth  start completed function at puberty http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/apocrine1.htm  TEST YOURSELF The ………………gland produces sebum to moisture the skin References 1. Anthony L. Mescher. (2016) Junqueira’s basic histology text and atlas. (14th Ed.). United State of America: Mc Graw Hill Education 2. Abraham L. Kireszenbaum, Laula L. Tres. (2012). Histology and cell biology: an introduction for pathology (3rd Ed.). United State of America: ELSEVIER Saunders 3. คณาจารย์ภาควิชากายวิภาคศาสตร์ คณะวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์ มหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวร. (2555) Human Microscopic Anatomy. (1st Ed.). พิษณุโลก: โรงพิมพ์ พิมพ์ถูก 4. คณาจารย์ภาควิชากายวิภาคศาสตร์ คณะวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์ มหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวร. (2547). เอกสารประกอบการสอน Basic Anatomy. พิษณุโลก: มหาวิทยาลัย นเรศวร 5. คณาจารย์กลุ่มวิชากายวิภาคศาสตร์ สาขาชีวเวชศาสตร์ คณะสหเวชศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา. (2558). ปฏิบัติการจุลกายวิภาคศาสตร์ของมนุษย์ 6. http://www.histologyguide.com/slidebox/11-skin.html 7. https://cmconnect.cmcc.edu/ICS/icsfs/Chapter_5_PowerPoint_Slides_PDF.pdf?target=d16776cc-978c-4009-81ad-eaf069cd23aa 8. Saladin, KS (2010). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Ceruminous Glands, p. 204 (220). ISBN 978-0-39-099995-5. 9. 9. https://www1.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cin/cin.htm