Introduction To Human Anatomy PDF, Autumn 2024, Anatomy 120

(Anatomy 120) INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY Autumn 2024 Dr. Sara S. Elmegarhi Anatomy And Embryology Department Faculty Of Medicine University Of Tripoli 1 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department ...

(Anatomy 120) INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY Autumn 2024 Dr. Sara S. Elmegarhi Anatomy And Embryology Department Faculty Of Medicine University Of Tripoli 1 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department  ANATOMY In Greek it means to cut in, Latin it means dissection. It Is Scientific Definition Is : Study of the structure, function and relationship of different parts of the body to each other. its 2 Types (Subdivisions) or types: Macroscopic anatomyGross Microscopic anatomy histology. Anatomy form the basis for the practice of medicine, and its importance for different specialties , including physicians, surgeons, dentists, physiotherapists , ect... What is anatomy? HISTORY Anatomy is the most ancient science Prehistoric times trephining Ancient Egyptian preparation of mummies. First human dissection at Alexandria Middle ages Arab physicians preserved knowledge.AlBiruni,Ibn Sina,Al Razi Revival modern times Andreas Vesalius Father of Anatomy De Fabrica1526 Anatomical act British parilament 1828 legalising dissection Discovery of preservatives Formaline 2 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department  Anatomy Approaches and branches Basic anatomy is the study of the minimal amount of anatomy consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and function of the body. Approaches Regional anatomy: It considers the body as organized into regions or parts. Systemic anatomy: It sees the body as organized into organ systems. Branches Surface anatomy It provides information about structures that may be observed or palpated beneath the skin using the external features. Radiographic, It allows appreciation of structures in the living, sectional, and as they are affected by muscle tone, body fluids and pressures, endoscopic and gravity. anatomy Clinical anatomy The practical application of anatomy knowledge to help diagnosis and treatment 3 Developmental Embryology (general and special) 3 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology  Descriptive Anatomic Terms It is important for medical personnel to have a sound knowledge and understanding of the basic anatomic terms. anatomic terminology greatly assists you in the learning process. The accurate use of anatomic terms by medical personnel enables them to communicate with their colleagues both nationally and internationally. Without anatomic terms, one cannot accurately discuss or record the abnormal functions of joints, the actions of muscles, the alteration of position of organs, or the exact location of swellings or tumers. 4 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department  Anatomical Position The anatomical position refers to the body position as if the person: standing upright The head, eyes, palms and toes directed anteriorly(forward).  arms adjacent to the sides with the palms facing anteriorly lower limbs close together with the feet parallel. By using this position and appropriate terminology, you can relate any part of the body to any other part. It should also be kept in mind, however, that gravity causes a downward shift of internal organs (viscera) when the position is upright 5 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology 5 Department  Anatomical planes The various parts of the body are then described in relation to certain imaginary planes. Median Sagittal Plane This is a vertical plane passing through the centre of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves. Paramedian Parrallel to and beside of the median plane and dividing the body into unequal right and left parts. Coronal (frontal)Planes are imaginary vertical planes at right angles to the median plane. Horizontal (Transverse) Planes: are at right angles to both the median and the coronal planes. Transverse Frontal (axial) plane Median (coronal) plane plane Sagittal plane Median Plane of the hand Frontal (coronal) plane of feet 6 Median Plane of the Dr.Sara foot Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department  Terms Describe The Location (Direction) The terms anterior and posterior are used to indicate the front and back of the body, To describe the relationship of two structures, one is said to be anterior or posterior to the other in so far as it is closer to the anterior or posterior body surface. Ventral is toward The abdomen Anteriorly Dorsal toward the back posteriorly The terms palmar and dorsal surfaces are used in place of anterior and posterior in describing the hand. The terms plantar and dorsal surfaces are used instead of lower and upper surfaces in describing the foot. The terms proximal and distal describe the relative distances from the roots of the limbs; for example, the arm is proximal to the forearm and the hand is distal to the forearm. The terms superficial and deep the relative distances of structures from the surface of the body to inside. The terms superior and inferior describe if high or low with reference to the upper and lower ends of the body. The terms internal and external are used to describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity; for example, the internal carotid artery is found inside the cranial cavity and the external carotid artery is found outside the cranial cavity. 7 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department  Sections 8 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department The term ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body; for example, the left hand and the left foot are ipsilateral. The Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body; for example, the left biceps brachii muscle and the right rectus femoris muscle are contralateral. Combined terms They describe intermediate positional arrangements: inferomedial Means nearer to the feet and median plane. superolateral Means nearer to the head and farther from the median plane. Other terms of relationship and comparisons are independent of the anatomical position or the anatomical planes, relating primarily to the body’s surface or its central core: Superficial, intermediate, and deep The supine position of the body is lying on the back. The prone position is lying face downward. 9 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department  Anatomical variations Anatomy describe (initially ,at least ) the structure of the body as it is usually observed in people – that is ,the most common pattern. However,a particular structure demonstrates so much variation within the normal range that the most common pattern is found less than half the time. It is important to know how such variations may influence physical examinations , diagnosis ,and treatment. 10 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department  Terms Describe The Movement A site where two or more bones come together is known as a joint: Some joints have no movement (sutures of the skull) some have only slight movement (superior tibiofibular joint) some are freely movable (shoulder joint). FLEXION is a movement in a sagittal plane. For example, flexion of the elbow joint approximates the anterior surface of the forearm to the anterior surface of the arm. It is usually an anterior movement, but it is occasionally posterior, as in the case of the knee joint. EXTENSION means straightening the joint and usually takes place in a posterior direction. Lateral flexion is a movement of the trunk in the coronal plane. ABDUCTION is a movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane. ADDUCTION is a movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane. In the fingers and toes, abduction is applied to the spreading of these structures and adduction is applied to the drawing together of these structures. 11 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department 12 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department ROTATION is the term applied to the movement of a part of the body around its long axis. Medial rotation is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially. Lateral Rotation is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing laterally. Pronation of the forearm is a medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly. Supination of the forearm is a lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly Circumduction: is the combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Protraction is to move forward; retraction is to move backward (used to describe the forward and backward movement of the jaw at the temporomandibular joints). Inversion is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction. Eversion is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction 13 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department The body can generally be described to have to parts according to long axis : Axial body part: - It is the part of the body near the axis of the body. This includes head, neck, thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis. Appendicular body part: - It is the part of the body out of the axis line. This includes the upper and lower extremities. 14 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department Body Cavities The cavities of the body house the cephalic internal organs, which commonly cavity referred to as the viscera. The two main body cavities are: 1) The ventral (anterior) body cavity and its large. 2) The dorsal (posterior) body cavity and its smaller. The dorsal body cavity The ventral body cavities are three: The Thoracic cavity houses lung and Thoracic The ventral heart. body cavities vertebral The Abdominal cavity contains the canal stomach, intestine, liver, spleen and Abdominal gallbladder. The pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive Abdominopelvic cavity organs. The dorsal body cavity: it constitutes pelvic the cephalic cavity containing brain and the vertebral canal containing the spinal15cord. Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department  Revision Questions 1. The anatomical term opposite to lateral is: - a) Proximal b) Distal c) Medial d) Superficial 2. Which of the following is not the correct description of anatomical position? a) Body facing forward b) Head turned to side c) Palms facing forward d) Body standing 3. A plane that divided the body into anterior and posterior parts is: - a) Medial plane b) Coronal or frontal plane c) Sagital plane d) Transverse plane 4. The abdominal cavity contains the: a) Heart and lung b) Reproductive organs and urinary bladder c) Liver, spleen and stomach d) Urinary bladder and lungs 5. All the following statments are true, EXCEPT: a) Medial rotation is movement in the anterior surface of part facing medially. b) Lateral Rotation is movement in the anterior surface of part facing laterally. c) Pronation of the forearm is a medial rotation of the forearm d) Supination of the forearm is a medial rotation of the forearm 16 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department  BASIC STRUCTURES The skin is divided into : SKIN 1) The Superficial Part, The Epidermis. 2) The Deep Part, The Dermis. The epidermis is a stratified epithelium whose cells become flattened as they mature and rise to the surface. On the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, the epidermis is extremely thick, to withstand the wear and tear. In other areas such as anterior surface of the arm and forearm, it is thin. The dermis is composed of dense connective tissue with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. It is variable in thickness in different parts of the body, tending to be thinner on the anterior than posterior surface. It is thinner in women than in men. It is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones by the superficial fascia, and its known as subcutaneous tissue. The skin over joints always folds in the same place, the SKIN CREASES. At these sites, the skin is thinner than elsewhere and is firmly attatched to underlying structures 17 bands of fibrous tissue. by strong Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department  Skin Function: Covers the entire external surface of the body and it represents 8% of the body weight and it is about 2m². Forms barrier against microbial invasion , protection against mechanical, chemical , thermal damage Capable of absorption and excretion. Also provides individual identification. Rich in nerve supply and specialized receptors for touch , temperature, pain and mechanical stimuli. Helps in locomotion and manipulation. A Knowledge of spatial distribution of dermatomes helps in diagnosis of local lesion of nerve roots and spinal cord Skin types: 1. Thin hairy skin (hairsute): covers the greater part of the body. 2. Thick hairless skin ( glabrous): Palms of hands, soles of feet, it also contains more sweat glands. 3. Specialized Area Of Skin at the mucocutaneous junctions of the lips, outer rim of anal canal, urethral opening, glans penis, glans clitoris For example the mucocutaneous junction of the lips contains no sweat gland and very thin epidermis. Lines of langer: Indicate the direction of elastic tension of skin in that particular area. Incision along these lines heal with minimal scare 18 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department  Appendages Of Skin Are (Nails, Hair Follicles, Sebaceous Glands, And Sweat Glands). 1)The Nails: are keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the fingers and toes. The proximal edge of the plate is the root of the nail. With the exception of the distal edge of the plate, the nail is surrounded and overlapped by folds of skin known as nail folds. The surface of skin covered by the nail is the nail bed. 2)Hair Follicles: Hairs grow out of Follicles, which are invaginations of the epidermis into the dermis. The follicles lie obliquely to the skin surface, and their expanded extremities, called hair bulbs, penetrate to the deeper part of the dermis. Each hair bulb is concave at its end, and the concavity is occupied by vascular connective tissue called hair papilla. A band of smooth muscle, The Arrector Pili, connects the under surface of the follicle to the superficial part of the dermis. The pull of the muscle also causes dimpling of the skin surface, so-called gooseflesh. Hairs are distributed the surface of the body, except on the lips, the palms of the hands, the sides of the fingers, the glans penis and clitoris, the labia minora and the internal surface of the labia majora, and the soles and sides of the feet and the sides of19the toes. Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department 3)Sebaceous Glands pour their secretion, the sebum, onto the shafts of the hairs as they pass up through the necks of the follicles. They are situated on the sloping undersurface of the follicles and lie within the dermis. Sebum is an oily material that helps preserve the flexibility of the emerging hair. It also oils the surface epidermis around the mouth of the follicle. ARRECTOR PILI muscle compresses The Sebaceous Gland and causes it to extrude some of its secretion 20 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department 4)Sweat Glands: are long, spiral, tubular glands distributed over the surface of the body, except on the red margins of the lips, the nail beds, and the glans penis and clitoris. These glands extend through the full thickness of the dermis, and their extremities may lie in the superficial fascia. The sweat glands are therefore the most deeply penetrating structures of all the epidermal appendages. Types: Apocrin: as result of emotional or anixity reaction and not quickly evaporate, most numerous in armpits and groin Eocrin: the common type found allover body surface but most numerous on palms and soles 21 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department  Clinical anatomy about Skin Skin Infections The nail folds, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands are common sites for entrance into the underlying tissues of pathogenic organisms. such as Staphylococcus aureus. Paronychia Infection occurring between the nail and the nail fold. Infection of the hair follicle and sebaceous gland is responsible for the common boil. Carbuncle starts as an infection of a hair follicle or a group of hair follicles. Sebaceous Cyst A sebaceous cyst is caused by obstruction of the mouth of a sebaceous duct and most frequently on the scalp. Shock A patient who is in a state of shock is pale and exhibits gooseflesh as a result of overactivity of the sympathetic system, which causes vasoconstriction of the dermal arterioles and contraction of the arrector pili muscles. Skin Burns The depth of a burn determines the method and rate of healing. A partial- skin-thickness burn heals from the cells of the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands as well as from the cells at the edge of the burn. A burn that extends deeper than the sweat glands heals slowly and from the edges only, and considerable contracture will be caused by fibrous tissue. To speed up healing and reduce the incidence 22 of contracture, a deep burn should be grafted. Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department 23 Dr.Sara Elmegarhi Anatomy & Embryology Department