Toxemia 1 2024 Lecture Notes (Dr. Vet 4th year) PDF
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2024
Dr. Hossam M. M. Ibrahim
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Summary
These lecture notes cover the topic of toxemia in internal medicine for 4th-year veterinary students in 2024. The document details the general systemic effects, toxins, and effects on various body systems in depth.
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Dr. Internal medicine 4th year 2024 Lecture Toxemia 1 Dr. Hossam M. M. Ibrahim 1 1 Toxemia ➊ The syndromes that represent the effect of different diseases on the animal. ➋ The states which are comm...
Dr. Internal medicine 4th year 2024 Lecture Toxemia 1 Dr. Hossam M. M. Ibrahim 1 1 Toxemia ➊ The syndromes that represent the effect of different diseases on the animal. ➋ The states which are common to so many diseases and they are considered the base which contribute to the effects of many diseases”. Hyperthermia Fever Septicemia They are closely related in their effects & an appreciation of them is necessary if they are not to be overlooked in the efforts to eliminate the Toxemia. causative agent. APR Hypovolemic, hemorrhagic, maldistributive, obstructive shock & Anaphylactic shock → are best examined together. “It is a clinical systemic state caused by widespread activation of host defense mechanisms to the presence of toxins in the blood stream” ➀ Bacteria (the main source of toxins). ➁ Some parasites. ➂ Injury to tissue cells. The virus does not produce ▪ The virus cause damage or injury to the tissue cells → lead to production of cell breakdown products which is considered toxins. ➀ Toxic substances produced by poisonous plants (this cause toxicity not toxemia). ➁ Ingested organic or inorganic poisons (this cause toxicity not toxemia). ➂ Insects. → caused by the presence of lipopolysaccharide cell wall (toxins) components of Gram -ve bacteria in the blood & Ch. clinically by abnormalities of many body systems. Dr. Vet 2024 1 1 Toxemia The effect of toxins on the different body systems “The abnormalities of ➊ ▪ In the early stages of infection (hyper - dynamic phase of endotoxemia) → ↑ heart rate & respiratory rate. ▪ In the late stages (hypodynamic phase of shock) → ↓ heart rate & respiratory rate ➋ Explain! In early stage of infection In late stage of infection Leukocytosis (↑ total leukocytic count) Leukopenia (↓ total leukocytic count) ↑ production of Abs ↓ production of Abs Neutrophilia (↑ number of neutrophil) Neutropenia (↓ number of neutrophil Lymphocytosis Lymphopenia Thrombocytosis Thrombocytopenia (coagulopathies) ➌ Explain! Presence of bacteria (antigen) → lead to the production of antibodies (Ab). Ag + Ab = Antigen-antibody complex. The Ag - Ab complex destroys the lining intima or endothelium of the blood vessels → ↑ permeability of Blood Vessels →. The increase in the permeability of the Bl. Vessels → leads to activation of the coagulation cascade and leads to: ▪ Thrombocytosis. ▪ Aggregation of platelets at the site of injury (injury occur at any site of circulation) → multiple thrombosis in the circulation → Disseminated intra vascular (hyper coagulation state) DIC → ↓ blood flow of the organs → After a while, there is depletion of ()استنفاذ: ▪ Coagulation factors (clotting factors)(13 factor) & Platelets (thrombocytopenia). This leads to the transformation from the hyper coagulation state → hypo coagulation state (coagulopathies, Bleeding tendencies & hemorrhagic diatheses). ➍ ↓ → Dr. Vet 2024 2 1 Toxemia ➎ ↓ How? In case of toxemia → ↓ volume of circulation → So, the blood flow increase toward the vital organs (e.g., brain) → ↓ blood flow of the GIT → ↓ GIT motility. When infection occur → stimulation of the acute inflammatory response and increase the proinflammatory mediators (interleukin, Prostaglandin,….) which have suppressor effect on the GIT motility. In case of fever, the high temperature affect the function of microflora and microfauna → ↓ digestion of food & ↓ GIT motility. In case of GIT diseases (as enteritis & colitis) → ↓ GIT motility. ➏ Explain! All tissue of the body depend on the oxygen for their metabolism (oxidation system). In case of toxemia, the blood flow to the organs decreases → failure of the tissue to seek adequate supply of the oxygen ( → anaerobic oxidation occur. The anaerobic oxidation → ↑ production of lactic acid in tissues → lead to Acidosis → ↓ pH of cells → defect in the metabolism of the cells → Multi organ failure or Multi organ dysfunction (MOD). ➐ ➑ N.B: Some causes of multi organ failure: 1. Dehydration. 2. DIC. 3. Shock. 4. Acidosis. Each enzyme has a working range of pH values - this depends on the type of enzyme - any deviation from this pH range will cease the function of enzyme → cease the metabolism of the cells → MOD. The brain can’t undergoes anaerobic oxidation (resist the hypoxia only for 1-3 min). Dr. Vet 2024 3