Lesson 1: Text as Connected Discourse PDF

# LESSON 1: TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE ## Objectives After this lesson, the learners will be able to: * Describe and differentiate text and discourse; * Appreciate the different types of discourses; and * Demonstrate how text functions as connected discourse. ## Review * What have you learned in...

# LESSON 1: TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE ## Objectives After this lesson, the learners will be able to: * Describe and differentiate text and discourse; * Appreciate the different types of discourses; and * Demonstrate how text functions as connected discourse. ## Review * What have you learned in the first semester? * Did you acquire new skills from what you have learned from previous subjects? Share your thoughts. ## ACTIVITY 1 * 4 Pics 1 Word The image shows four pictures: * A book with a text. * A person with a cell phone and a backpack. * A person with a cell phone and shopping bags. * A person writing in a notebook. Underneath the images it says **TEXT**. ## DISCOURSE The image shows four pictures: * A conversation between two people. * A meeting with at least three people. * A person on a stage with a microphone. * A group of people walking. Underneath the images it says **DISCOURSE**. ## COMMUNICATION The image shows four pictures: * A person on a video call. * An envelope with handwritten text on it. * A person using sign language. * A man and a woman are having a business meeting. Underneath the images it says **COMMUNICATION**. ## Text A text is any written or spoken material that conveys information, ideas, or a story. It can range from a single word to a lengthy document and can take various forms, including books, articles, conversations, advertisements, or social media posts. Essentially, a text is any instance of communication that uses language to express meaning. ## Discourse Discourse refers to written or spoken communication that goes beyond individual sentences to create meaning in a larger context. It involves how language is used in different contexts to convey ideas, express opinions, and share information. Discourse encompasses both the structure of language (how sentences are connected and organized) and the social, cultural, and situational factors influencing communication. - Text is a specific instance of written or spoken language, while discourse refers to the broader context of communication that includes not only the text but also how it functions in real-world situations. - Text is what you see (e.g., a paragraph or sentence), and discourse is how the text fits into communication across larger contexts. Text as Connected Discourse refers to the idea that written or spoken texts are not just isolated sentences or phrases but are structured and organized in a way that the individual parts (sentences, paragraphs, etc.) are logically connected to create meaning and coherence. The concept of connected discourse emphasizes how language elements are interwoven to form a unified, meaningful communication. ## Devices for Analyzing Written Text ### COHESION Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical links that tie sentences and parts of the text together. It ensures that the text "sticks together" and doesn't feel disjointed. Cohesion is achieved through elements like pronouns, conjunctions, and transitional words. **EXAMPLE:** "John went to the store. He bought some milk." Here, the pronoun "He" refers back to "John," creating a cohesive link between the two sentences. ### Cohesive Devices These are the specific linguistic tools used to create cohesion in a text. Cohesive devices include pronouns, conjunctions, conjunction adverbs, lexical repetition, and substitution. These tools help link ideas and ensure the text flows smoothly. **EXAMPLE:** - Conjunctions: "but, and, therefore, however" - Pronouns: "it, they, he" - Lexical Repetition: Repeating key terms or concepts to maintain focus (e.g., using "climate change" multiple times in an article). - Substitution: Replacing words with synonyms (e.g., "big" could be replaced with "huge" or "enormous"). ### COHERENCE Coherence is about the overall sense or meaning of the text. A text is coherent if its ideas logically connect to each other and the message is clear. Coherence involves the logical organization of ideas, so that each part of the text contributes to the larger whole. **EXAMPLE:** In a well-organized argument, each paragraph builds upon the previous one, leading the reader through a clear progression of ideas. ### Parallelism Parallelism is the use of similar grammatical structures within sentences or across sentences to create balance and flow. It enhances the text's cohesion and helps emphasize related ideas. **EXAMPLE:** "She likes to read, to write, and to draw." The repeated structure of "to [verb]" links these actions together cohesively. Text as connected discourse is the study of how language elements work together in a text to create a coherent, cohesive, and meaningful whole. Writers and speakers use these tools to ensure their texts are understood and effectively communicate their intended message. ## Abstraction * What is the difference of text and discourse? * Give one device for analyzing written text and explain the functions of it? * In your opinion, why is it important to study text as connected discourse? ## Sentence Link Game **Directions:** From the given prepared sentences, break the text down so that each sentence is disconnected and out of order. The sentences will be displayed in a jumbled order. Challenge the students to think about how they would connect the sentences using transitional words or phrases (e.g., "then," "afterward," "as a result," "because"), then discuss how the sentences connect to form a coherent story. Focus on the transitions and the logical flow between the sentences. "It jumped up onto the table." "Finally, the cat ate the food." "The cat ran to the food bowl." "The cat was hungry." "It looked around the kitchen." ## Rubrics | Points | Criteria | |---|---| | 20 | Discourse is not organized and supported at all. There is no content and ideas are undeveloped. | | 30 | Content is somewhat organized. Lack sufficient original thought and ideas are not developed and inconsistently applied. There are only 2 parts included. | | 40 | Content is well organized with certainly contain some original thought and ideas but not fully developed. There are only 4 parts included. There are less errors in grammar. | | 50 | Content is clearly organized. Contain the original thought and ideas are appropriately applied. There are no errors in grammar. | ## Online Activity: Quiz #1 **Directions:** Read each statement below carefully. Write "True" if the statement is correct and “False" if not, and write the correct term. - **False** - Cohesion refers to the overall meaning or sense of a text, ensuring the ideas flow logically. **Coherence** refers to the overall meaning or sense of a text, ensuring the ideas flow logically. - **True** - Parallelism is a device that involves using the same grammatical structure to create balance in a sentence. - **False** - Coherence is achieved when sentences are connected using words like "and," "but," or "however." **Cohesion** is achieved when sentences are connected using words like "and", "but", or "however". - **True** - Cohesive devices help connect different parts of a text. - **True** - Discourse analysis focuses on studying how sentences are linked and how meaning is created in a text. ## End of Presentation THANK YOU!