Veterinary Foundations: One Health PDF

Systems 1: Veterinary Foundations In-Class: One Health Dr. Rohini Roopnarine Learning Outcomes By the end of this session, students will be able to: Explain the importance of the OH concept & key stakeholders necessary for its implementation including the veterinarian Differen...

Systems 1: Veterinary Foundations In-Class: One Health Dr. Rohini Roopnarine Learning Outcomes By the end of this session, students will be able to: Explain the importance of the OH concept & key stakeholders necessary for its implementation including the veterinarian Differentiate basic epidemiology concepts and their relevance to veterinary medicine. Explain the roles of veterinarians in public health and maintaining a safe food supply. Activity: Bridge Pre-Work Interactive activity connecting the pre-work to the in-class session. Padlet & KW: What do you Know about the One Health concept? What do you Want to Know," about One Health? Link to Padlet: https://padlet.com/rroopnarinester/class-blog-95y3jgqesb94jqiw Padlet QR code Remember to include the following: Clear activity instructions Time to complete (e.g. 5 minutes) Allot sufficient time to debrief the activity, address areas of concern from pre-work, and answer any follow-up questions students may have. Mini-lecture: Epidemiology concepts. Endemic (enzootic) Usual (constant) frequency of disease in a population. Disease occurs with predictable regularity in a population. Example: West Nile Virus Can have endemic levels of non-infectious diseases Lymphoma in dogs in the US Endemics can become epidemics if host, agent and environmental factors change Epidemic (epizootic) Often synonymous with the term outbreak and typically used for infectious diseases. An epidemic (epizootic) disease is a disease that is rapidly spread and many individuals acquire disease over a short period. d many individuals acquire th Epidemic (Epizootic) Determine if occurrence of disease in excess of expected (endemic) level. Single case can be an epidemic for a new disease or 1 that has not been seen for a very long time Example: First case of H1N1 Recent epidemics/epizootics SARS- CoV-2 (epidemic then pandemic) Ebola SARS epidemic (then pandemic) HPAI H5N1 Pandemics A widespread epidemic/epizootic involving more than one country. SARS-CoV-2 agent of COVID 19 Question & Answer exercise on Concepts 1. What term refers to the constant occurrence of disease in a population? 2. A widespread epidemic involving more than 1 country is referred to as a? 3. A disease that occurs without regularity is referred to as what? Mini-lecture on the Vet’s role in Food Safety Vet’s Role In Food Safety & Key Agencies United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) - Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS): USDA:(United States Department of Agriculture)- Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) International Agencies: Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) The Codex Alimentarius or "Food Code" was established by FAO and the World Health Organization(WHO). A collection of internationally adopted food standards aimed at protecting consumers’ health and ensuring fair practices in the food trade. Federal Meat Inspection Organization is under USDA: (United States Department of Agriculture) USDA-FSIS (Food Safety Inspection Service within USDA) Oversees Federal Meat & Poultry Inspection & egg products & Food Defense. USDA-APHIS: Authority over the approval and use (safety) of biologics in animals (Vaccines, diagnostics)  Food Safety and who has responsibility FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is responsible for Seafood Inspection, SHELL eggs, Milk Inspection Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) within the FDA Approval & use of animal drugs+ ensure producers do not violate residue tolerations in foods for human consumption. Enforces penalties for drug violations. Pet foods also subject to general FDA rules on labeling and composition requirements. 16 Other Agencies Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]: Works to protect human health and the environment & collaborates with State agencies to register pesticide use and monitoring. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC): protect human health Questions: Point Solutions Break Time Include a 10 minute break. You can insert a timer on the slide to remind everyone. See example on this slide. Activity Debrief Describe the importance of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)in a One Health context. Discuss the Key Stakeholders including the veterinarian that are required to tackle AMR Review how antimicrobial resistance is a significant global health threat from foods of animal origin A One Health Case Study: Antimicrobial Resistance among Household Poultry in Tanzania, Africa AMR in food animals spread to consumers (see image) Further, increased animal morbidity and mortality can threaten producers’ livelihoods. In Iringa, Tanzania, like many other areas around the world, people rely on poultry production for food security, protein source, and income. Debrief: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) a OH issue Antimicrobial drugs include antifungals, antibiotics (to fight bacterial infections), antivirals and works well for the patient in the short term but, unfortunately, inappropriate use of these drugs increase antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the patient, making future treatments less useful. The use of an antibiotic in livestock will eliminate susceptible bacteria but will not kill nor weaken the bacteria with the appropriate antibiotic resistance gene. These surviving resistant bacteria can then replicate and spread their antibiotic resistance genes by horizontal gene transfer to other bacteria. AMR spreads as AMR genes, located on the chromosomes or plasmids within bacteria found in animals, humans & the environment, can be transmitted from 1 bacteria to the next. These resistant bacteria can spread to animal products, and crops through exposure of contaminated water or soil. Similarly, prepared foods of animal origin can harbor resistant bacteria if they contact contaminated surfaces in their environment. Around the world, policies and regulations of antibiotic use can vary dramatically. AMR infections has become a global health threat & pose a significant health and economic burden globally. Think-Pair-Share -Case Scenario You are tasked with a project: evaluate antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in chicken in Iringa, Tanzania, and determine good community risk messaging in relation to AMR. Work together to provide some possible answers to the questions below Activity 1: Brainstorm what kind of professions, expertise, and backgrounds would be good to include in collaborations. Activity 2: Review your findings below. You need to explain your findings in order to determine how to notify the stakeholders about this concern. Fresh fecal materials are collected from healthy chickens on 12 farms around Iringa town & plated, E. coli isolates are tested for multidrug resistance at the lab. In addition, a questionnaire is given to the primary producer at all farms and households to identify risk factors. Results: You evaluate your lab results with your questionnaire data and find that: Prior antimicrobial drug usage significantly increases the risk of antimicrobial resistant E. coli. Chickens that never received antibiotics had a lower prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli compared to those that previous received antibiotics. However, some chickens that had never received an antibiotic still showed some degree of antibiotic resistance! Think-Pair-Share Q1. How can chickens that never received antibiotics have some degree of AMR? A. Q2. Practice with a partner in accurate and simple language the dangers of AMR. Write what you would include in your