L.12 Endocrine System PDF

Multiple Choice Type Question 1 Question 6 Which of the following is not an Insulin is secreted by : endocrine gland? 1. β-cells of Pancreas 1. Adrenal gland 2. δ-cells of Pancreas...

Multiple Choice Type Question 1 Question 6 Which of the following is not an Insulin is secreted by : endocrine gland? 1. β-cells of Pancreas 1. Adrenal gland 2. δ-cells of Pancreas 2. Pituitary gland 3. α-cells of Pancreas 3. Thyroid gland 4. γ-cells of Pancreas 4. Sebaceous gland Question 7 Question 2 Islets of Langerhans are located in the : Which of the following hormones stimulates milk secretion? 1. Kidneys 2. Liver 1. Prolactin 3. Throat 2. Oxytocin 4. Pancreas 3. Progesterone 4. Calcitonin Question 8 Exophthalmic goitre is caused due to the Question 3 over activity of Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of: 1. thymus 1. Ovary 2. thyroid 2. Ureter 3. parathyroid 3. Uterus 4. Breast Question 9 The hormone which causes stimulation Question 4 of sympathetic nervous system is: Hypersecretion of growth hormone causes : 1. Thyroxine 2. Insulin 1. Gigantism and Dwarfism 3. Prolactin 2. Acromegaly and Dwarfism 4. Adrenaline 3. Gigantism and Acromegaly 4. Dwarfism and Virilism Question 10 The hormone which stimulates the Question 5 breakdown of glycogen in the liver to A gland which secretes enzymes and glucose is: hormones both is : 1. Glucagon 1. Adrenal 2. Somatostatin 2. Pancreas 3. Insulin 3. Thyroid 4. None of these 4. Pituitary Very Short Answer Type Question 1 Name the following: (a) The hormone produced by adrenal medulla. (b) The condition caused by the over secretion of insulin. (c) The hormone secreted by β (beta) cells of the islets of Langerhans. (d) The interconnection between the two lobes of thyroid gland (technical term). (e) The hormone whose under secretion causes more urine formation. (f) The hormone which stimulates the entire sympathetic nervous system. Answer (a) Adrenaline (b) Hypoglycemia (c) Insulin (d) Isthmus (e) Anti-diuretic hormone (Vasopressin) (f) Adrenaline Question 2 What would a child suffer from, if there was hyposecretion from his thyroid? Answer If there was hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in a child, the child will suffer from cretinism. The symptoms of cretinism are dwarfism, mental retardation, etc. Question 3 Choose the odd one out from each series and write the category of the remaining terms: (a) Simple goitre, Cretinism, Pellagra, Myxoedema (b) Alpha cells, Beta cells, Gamma cells, Delta cells (c) Somatotropin, Prolactin, Oxytocin, Luteinizing hormone (d) Thyroid, Pituitary, Prostate, Parathyroid (e) Thyroxine, Insulin, Thiamine, Glucagon Answer (a) Odd term: Pellagra Category: Diseases caused due to hypothyroidism (b) Odd term: Gamma cells Category: Islet of Langerhans (c) Odd term: Oxytocin Category: Hormones secreted by anterior part of pituitary gland (d) Odd term: Prostate Category: Endocrine glands (e) Odd term: Thiamine (It is a vitamin) Category: Hormones Question 4 Write full forms of the following abbreviations: Answer (a) ACTH — Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (b) TSH — Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (c) ADH — Antidiuretic Hormone (d) LH — Luteinizing Hormone (e) FSH — Follicle Stimulating Hormone Question 5 Identify the odd one in each of the following and mention what the rest are: (a) Larynx; glucagon; testosterone; prolactin (b) Adrenaline; penicillin; insulin; thyroxine (c) Stomach; ileum; liver; adrenaline (d) TSH; GH; ADH; insulin (e) Iodine; cretinism; goitre; myxoedema Answer (a) Larynx is the odd one here because glucagon; testosterone and prolactin are hormones whereas Larynx is the sound box. (b) Penicillin is the odd one here because adrenaline; insulin; thyroxine are hormones whereas Penicillin is an antibiotic. (c) Adrenaline is the odd one here because stomach, ileum and liver are the organs of the digestive system whereas Adrenaline is a hormone. (d) Insulin is the odd one here because TSH, GH, ADH are the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland whereas Insulin is secreted by the pancreas. (e) Iodine is the odd one here because cretinism, goitre, myxoedema are the conditions which occur due to undersecretion of thyroxine (Hypothyroidism) whereas Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroxine hormone. Question 6 Match the terms given in column A with those in column B. Answer Column A Column B (a) Adrenaline (vi) Emergency hormone (b) Adrenal virilism (vii) Masculine characters (c) Addison's disease (i) Hypoglycemia (d) Acromegaly (v) Excessive growth of bones in face (e) Cushing's syndrome (ii) Hyperglycemia Question 7 Given below are group of terms. In each group the first pair indicates the relationship between the two terms. Suggest the suitable word(s) for the fourth place. Answer (a) Beta cells : Insulin :: Alpha cells : Glucagon. (b) Children : Cretinism :: Adults : Myxoedema. (c) Undersecretion : Dwarfism :: Oversecretion : Gigantism. (d) Diabetes mellitus : Insulin :: Diabetes insipidus : Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Short Answer Type Question 1 Mention the name of diseases based on the clues/ symptoms given below: (a) Urine is loaded with sugar. (b) Swelling in the neck. (c) Dwarfism and mental retardation in children. (d) Eyes are protruded. (e) Excessive growth of bones in the face, hands and feet. Answer (a) Hyperglycemia (b) Simple goitre (c) Cretinism (d) Exophthalmic goitre (e) Acromegaly in adults and gigantism in children. Question 2 Write the exact location of each of the following glands: Answer (a) Thyroid — It is situated in the front part of the neck just below the larynx. (b) Adrenal — It is present as a cap on the top of each kidney. (c) Pancreas — It is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen. (d) Pituitary — It hangs from the base of the mid-brain below the hypothalamus. Question 3 Name the following: Answer (a) Three hormones secreted from islets of Langerhans of pancreas are — 1. Insulin 2. Glucagon 3. Somatostatin (b) Two types of cortical hormones are — 1. Glucocorticoids 2. Mineralocorticoids (c) Six hormones secreted from anterior pituitary are — 1. Growth hormone (somatostatin) 2. Prolactin 3. Adreno-corticotropic hormone (ACTH) 4. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 5. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 6. Luteinizing hormone (LH) (d) Two hormones secreted from posterior pituitary are — 1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin 2. Oxytocin (e) The emergency hormone is — 1. Adrenaline (f) Diseases caused due to hypothyroidism — 1. Simple goitre 2. Cretinism 3. Myxoedema (g) Symptoms of cretinism — 1. Mental retardation 2. Dwarfism (h) Abnormalities caused due to hypersecretion of growth hormone  1. Gigantism 2. Acromegaly Question 4 Write the main function of each of the following hormones. Answer Hormones Functions (a) Thyroxine Promotes tissue metabolism, growth and differentiation. (b) Adrenaline Causes stimulation of sympathetic nervous system. Prepares body for any emergency. (c) Insulin Reduces the blood sugar level. (d) Glucagon Increases the blood sugar level. (e) Increases reabsorption of water from kidneys, contraction of blood vessels Vasopressin causing rise in blood pressure. Question 5 Name the hormones responsible for the given functions. Answer Functions Hormones (a) Contraction of uterine muscles during child birth Oxytocin (b) Maintenance of corpus luteum Luteinizing hormone (LH) (c) Milk formation and secretion Prolactin (d) Development of external sex characters in males Testosterone (e) Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system Adrenaline Question 6 If you stand to make your maiden speech before a large audience, your mouth dries up and heart rate increases. What brings about these changes? Answer When we stand to make our maiden speech before a large audience, our mouth dries up and heart rate increases and it is due to secretion of adrenaline hormone by adrenal glands. Adrenaline is the hormone which prepares the body to meet any emergency situation. Adrenaline makes the heart beat faster. At the same time, it stimulates the constriction of the arterioles of the digestive system reducing the blood supply of the digestive system which makes the mouth dry. Question 7 Given below is a table designed to give the names of the glands, the hormones produced, their chief functions, the effects of over secretion and under secretion in respect of thyroid, pituitary and pancreas. Fill up the blanks 1-13. Answer S.No. Source Hormone Chief Effect of over Effect of under Gland cells produced function secretion secretion 1. Thyroid Thyroxine Regulates Exophthalmic Simple goiter, basal goiter cretinism in metabolism children and myxoedema in adults 2. Beta cells of Insulin Promotes Hypoglycemia Diabetes Islets of glucose mellitus Langerhans utilization by the body cells 3. Anterior Growth Promotes Gigantism Dwarfism pituitary hormone growth of the whole body 4. Posterior Vasopressin Increases More Diabetes pituitary reabsorption of concentrated and insipidus water from less amount of kidney tubule urine, Elevation of blood pressure Question 8 Complete the following table by filling in the blanks numbered 1 to 7. Answer Gland Hormone secreted Effect on body Thyroid Thyroxine Regulates basal metabolism Pancreas ("beta" cells) Insulin Controls blood sugar level Adrenal gland Adrenaline Increases heart beat Anterior pituitary Thyroid stimulating hormone Stimulates thyroxine secretion Question 9 Complete the following table by filling in the blank spaces numbered 1 to 8. Answer Gland Secretions Effect on body Ovary Oestrogen Development of secondary sexual characteristics Alpha cells of islets of Glucagon Raises blood sugar level Langerhans Thyroid Hypersecretion of Protruding eyes thyroxine Anterior pituitary Hypersecretion of Growth Gigantism hormone Descriptive Type Question 1 Define the following terms: Answer (a) Endocrine system — Endocrine system consists of several endocrine glands/glandular cells which activate each other and work as a system to bring about overall chemical coordination in the body. (b) Hormones — Hormone is a secretion from some glandular part of the body, which is poured directly into blood and which acts on the target organs or cells of the same individual, bringing about coordination between distant parts of the body. (c) Myxoedema — Myxoedema is a condition which occurs in adults due to hypothyroidism in which the person becomes sluggish with swelling of the face and hands. Question 2 Distinguish between the following pairs: Answer (a) Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands (secretory substance and example): Exocrine glands Endocrine glands Exocrine glands secrete their products like Endocrine glands secrete their products, sweat, enzyme, mucus, sebum, saliva, milk, known as hormones, directly into the etc. into ducts. bloodstream. Examples of exocrine glands are Sweat Examples of endocrine glands are Thyroid, glands, Salivary glands, Sebaceous glands, Pituitary, Adrenal, Pancreas. etc. (b) Difference between enzymes and hormones (mode of transport and target organ): Enzymes Hormones Enzymes function intracellularly or within the confines Hormones are released into the of specific organs. They are not released into the bloodstream by endocrine bloodstream. glands. Enzymes do not have target organs. Instead, they act Hormones have specific target on their substrates at the cellular level and are highly organs or tissues usually away specific for the reactions they catalyze. from their source. (c) Difference between nervous control and hormonal control (transmission and effect): Nervous control Hormonal control Effect is only short-lived. Effect is short term or long lasting. Transmitted electro-chemically through nerve fibres and Transmitted chemically chemically across synapses. through blood. (d) Difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus (cause and symptoms): Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Caused due to insufficient secretion Caused due to insufficient secretion of anti-diuretic of insulin. hormone (ADH) High concentration of sugar in blood. No sugar in urine (e) Difference between Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome (cause and sugar level): Addison's disease Cushing's syndrome Caused due to hyposecretion of cortisone Caused due to hypersecretion of cortisone Low blood sugar level High blood sugar level Question 3 Give reason: (a) Adrenaline is often described as the emergency hormone. (b) Pituitary is popularly called as the master gland. (c) People living in the low Himalayan hilly regions often suffer from goitre. (d) Simple goitre can be prevented by using iodised salt in food. Answer (a) Adrenaline is known as the Emergency hormone because it prepares the body to meet any emergency situation, for "fight" i.e. to face danger or for "flight" i.e. to run away from it. Extra energy and strength is provided to the body in that situation. It stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. When excited or angry, the adrenal medulla produces a lot of Adrenaline preparing the body for any emergency. (b) Pituitary is popularly called as the master gland because it controls the functioning of all the other endocrine glands. (c) People living in the low Himalayan hilly regions often suffer from goitre because iodine is deficient in the soil of those regions and hence, in the food grown there. Insufficient iodine produces less thyroxine which results in goitre. (d) Iodised salt contains iodine which is an active ingredient in the production of thyroxine. Hence, it is recommended to use iodised salt in food to prevent simple goitre. Question 4 Identify the gland with the help of following clues: (a) The gland is like a cap on top of each kidney. (b) The gland is both a duct gland as well as a ductless gland. (c) A bilobed (butterfly-shaped) gland. (d) The gland is located in mid-brain below the hypothalamus. Answer (a) Adrenal (b) Pancreas (c) Thyroid (d) Pituitary Structured / Application / Skill Type Question 1 Study the diagram given below and then answer the questions that follow: (a) Name the cells of the pancreas that produce (1) glucagon (2) insulin. (b) State the main function of (1) glucagon and (2) insulin. (c) Why is the pancreas referred to as an exo- endocrine gland? (d) Why is insulin not given orally but is injected into the body? (e) What is the technical term for the cells of the pancreas that produce endocrine hormones? (f) Where in the body is the Pancreas located? Answer (a) Glucagon is produced by the Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans. Insulin is produced by the Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. (b) The main function of Glucagon is to raise the blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver. The main function of Insulin is to maintain the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. (c) Exocrine glands are those glands which deliver their secretions to the target through ducts. An endocrine gland is one which does not pour its secretions into a duct but directly into the blood. As an exocrine gland the pancreas secrete pancreatic juices into the duodenum for digestion. As an endocrine gland, it has special groups of hormone- secreting cells called Islets of Langerhans which are scattered in the entire gland. The islet cells produce three hormones — insulin, glucagon and somatostatin which are poured directly into the blood. Hence, the pancreas is an exo-endocrine gland. (d) Insulin is not administered orally because the digestive juices degrade insulin making it ineffective. Hence, to avoid its degradation, Insulin is injected into the body. (e) Islets of Langerhans (f) The Pancreas is located in the abdomen behind the stomach. Question 2 Given ahead is a portion from the human body showing some important structure in ventral (front) view. (a) Where is this portion located in the body? (b) Name the structures numbered 1-3. (c) State one main function of each of the structures named above. (d) Is there any duct to carry the secretions from the structure numbered 2? If so, give its name. Answer (a) This portion is located in the neck region above the sternum. (b) The structures numbered 1-3 are:  1 → Larynx  2 → Thyroid gland  3 → Trachea (c) One main function of each of these structures is: 1. Larynx is the voice box containing vocal cords. It helps in producing sound. 2. Thyroid gland produces thyroxine and calcitonin which are essential hormones. 3. Trachea is the wind pipe that helps in passing air to and from the respiratory system while breathing. (d) Structure 2 is the thyroid gland. It is an endocrine gland, so it is ductless and pours its secretions directly into the blood. Hence, there is no duct. Question 3 Given below is an outline diagram of human body showing position of certain organs. (a) Name the parts numbered 1 to 4. (b) What is common to all these parts in regard to the nature of their functions? (c) Name the nutrient element which is essential for the normal working of part 2. Answer (a) The parts numbered 1-4 are:  1 → Pituitary gland  2 → Thyroid gland  3 → Pancreas  4 → Adrenal Glands (b) All the glands shown in the above diagram are endocrine glands. They secrete essential hormones and pour their secretions directly into the blood. (c) Iodine is essential for the normal working of Thyroid gland. Question 4 The diagram given alongside shows an endocrine gland in the human body. Study the diagram and answer the following questions : (a) Identify the gland. Write its specific location in the human body. (b) Label the guidelines 1, 2 and 3 shown in the figure. (c) Name any two secretions from part 1 and two from part 2. (d) The deficiency of which hormone causes Diabetes insipidus? How is this condition different from Diabetes mellitus with respect to the abnormal substances present in the urine. Answer (a) The gland shown is Pituitary gland. It hangs from the base of the mid-brain below the hypothalamus. (b)  1 → Anterior lobe  2 → Posterior lobe  3 → Hypophysial stalk (c) Two secretions from part 1 are Growth hormone and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. Two secretions from part 2 are ADH and Oxytocin (d) The deficiency of ADH causes Diabetes insipidus. Urine does not contain any glucose in this condition but in Diabetes mellitus there is glucose present in the urine. Think and Connect Question 1 Compare the hormonal response with the nervous response with respect to their speed, transmission and general nature of changes brought about. Answer Hormonal Response Nervous Response Usually slow. Immediate/Rapid. Transmitted chemically through Transmitted electro-chemically through the blood. nerve fibres and chemically across synapses. Affects different organs (widespread Affects only the particular muscles or the gland in body). (local). Effect is short term or long-lasting. Effect only short-lived. Can affect growth. Cannot affect growth. Can bring about specific chemical Does not influence chemical changes and cannot changes and regulates metabolism. regulate metabolism. Cannot be modified by learning from Can be modified to some extent by learning from previous experience. previous experience. Question 2 Mention three important differences between the action of hormones and that of nerves in the regulatory mechanism of our body. Answer  Action of Hormones Action of Nerves The effect of hormones can be short-lived or The effect of nervous response is always long lasting. short-lived. Cannot be modified by the previous Can be modified by the previous learning learning experiences. experiences. Affects different organs (widespread in Affects only the particular muscles or the body). gland (local).