Vitamins Part 1 PDF

6 Vitamins Part 1 by Maysam Makki Vitamins ‫اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎتاﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬ Vitamins Vitamins: Are organic Vitamins: Are organic compounds that: that:...

6 Vitamins Part 1 by Maysam Makki Vitamins ‫اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎتاﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬ Vitamins Vitamins: Are organic Vitamins: Are organic compounds that: that: compounds 1. Essential for many 1. Essential biochemical for many reactions. biochemical reactions. 2. Many of them 2. Many act asact of them coenzymes. as coenzymes. 3. They 3. do notdo They enter in thein not enter structure of theof the structure tissues or oxidized the tissues by them.) or oxidized by them.) 4. They 4. are Theyneeded are needed in veryinsmall amounts. very small amounts. :‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ :‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﻲﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬ :‫اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ ﻫﻲ‬:‫اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬.‫اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬.‫اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬.١‫ ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ‬.١.‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة( ﻓﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة )أﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة( ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻮاﻣﻞ)أﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬.٢ ‫ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬.٢ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪة داﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮض داﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮضوﻻ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐوﻻ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ ﻻ‬.‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ٣ ‫ ﻻ‬.٣.‫ﺟﺪا‬ ً ‫ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ‬.‫ﺟﺪا‬‫ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎت‬ ً ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎت‬‫ﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫ ﻳ‬.‫ﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬ ٤ ‫ ﻳ‬.٤ Provitamins: Provitamins: - These are precursors - These of vitamins are precursors that converted of vitamins into vitamins that converted insideinside into vitamins the body the e.g. body e.g. carotenes are Provitamin carotenes A. A. are Provitamin :‫اﻟﺒﺮوﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬ :‫اﻟﺒﺮوﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬ A.‫ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎروﺗﻴﻨﺎتاﻟﻜﺎروﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ A.‫ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ﺗُ ﻌﺪ‬،‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞﻌﺪاﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞﻋﻠﻰ‬ ُ‫ ﺗ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫داﺧﻞﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫إﻟﻰﺗﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت ﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻃﻠﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻫﻲﻃﻠﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ ﻫﻲ‬ Vitamers: Vitamers: - These are different - These formsforms are different of oneofvitamin e.g. Vitamin one vitamin D has D2 has e.g. Vitamin Vitamers; D2 and 2 Vitamers; D2D3. and D3. :‫اﻟﻔﺎﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﺮات‬ :‫اﻟﻔﺎﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﺮات‬.D3‫ و‬D2 :‫ﻓﺎﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬D ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.D3‫ و‬D2 :‫ﻓﺎﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬D‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي‬‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻲاﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬‫ﻫﻲ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬42 AVITAMINOSIS - chronic AVITAMINOSIS or long-term - chronic vitamin or long-term deficiency vitamin (beri-beri, deficiency scurvy, (beri-beri, ricketsrickets scurvy,.D3‫ و‬D2 :‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬D ‫ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫ﻫﻲ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ AVITAMINOSIS - chronic or long-term vitamin deficiency (beri-beri, scurvy, rickets and pellagra) HYPOVITAMINOSIS - any of several diseases caused by deficiency of one or more vitamins HYPERVITAMINOSIS – the condition resulting from the chronic excessive intake of vitamins (vitamin supplements) side effects – nausea, diarrhea, vomiting ANTIVITAMINS – a substance that destroys or inhibits the metabolic action of a vitamin. :(Avitaminosis) ‫اﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬.‫ واﻟﺒﻼﺟﺮا‬،‫ اﻟﻜﺴﺎح‬،‫ اﻹﺳﻘﺮﺑﻮط‬،‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ أو ﻃﻮﻳﻞ اﻷﻣﺪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ أﻣﺮاض ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﺮي ﺑﺮي‬ :(Hypovitaminosis) ‫ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬.‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬ :(Hypervitaminosis) ‫ﻓﺮط اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬.‫ واﻟﺘﻘﻴﺆ‬،‫ اﻹﺳﻬﺎل‬،‫آﺛﺎرا ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻐﺜﻴﺎن‬ ً ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﺎول ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺔ ﻣﺰﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻼت اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ( وﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ :(Antivitamins) ‫ﻣﻀﺎدات اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬.‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ أو ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬ CLASSIFICATION On the basis of their solubility vitamins are mainly 2 types Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamins that dissolve in fat. Because fat is easily stored on our body, fat-soluble vitamins can be stored within our fat. This means they can accumulate and be saved for later use. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K. Water soluble vitamins: Vitamins that dissolve in water. Because our body is a watery environment, these vitamins can move through our body pretty easily, and they can also be flushed out by the kidneys. ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ :‫ ﺗُ ﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬،‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن‬ ً ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬،‫وﻧﻈﺮا ﻷن اﻟﺪﻫﻮن ﺗُ ﺨﺰّ ن ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ً.‫ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺬوب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬:‫اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬.K‫ و‬،E ،D ،A :‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬.‫ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‬ ً ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺮاﻛﻤﻬﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن داﺧﻞ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬،‫ وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺬوب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬:‫اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬.‫ وﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬،‫ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ 43  Solubility Water soluble Fat soluble ‫اﻟﺬوﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬ Absorption Simple Along with lipids ‫اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬ Storage No storage Stored in liver ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗُ ﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﺗُ ﺨﺰن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ Excretion Excreted Not excreted ‫اﻹﻓﺮاز‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ إﻓﺮازﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻓﺮاز‬ Excess intake Nontoxic Toxic ‫ﺗﻨﺎول ﻛﻤﻴﺎت زاﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺎم‬ ‫ﺳﺎم‬ Deficiency Manifests rapidly Manifests slowly ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺒﻂء‬ Treatment Regular dietary supply Single large dose ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬ ‫إﻣﺪاد ﻏﺬاﺋﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة واﺣﺪة‬ I. Fat-soluble vitamins Vitamin A (retinoids) (‫ )اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﻮﻳﺪات‬A ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ Structure: 1. Carotenes are the Provitamin A. 2. Retinol, retinal and retinoic acid are the forms (Vitamers) used by the body. :‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬.A ‫ اﻟﻜﺎروﺗﻴﻨﺎت ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.١.‫ وﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﻮﻳﻚ ﻫﻲ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل )اﻟﻔﺎﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﺮات( اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬،‫ اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﺎل‬،‫ اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﻮل‬.٢ Sources: Animal sources: a) Liver, eggs and milk fat. b) Fish liver oils e.g. shark liver oil..‫ب ( زﻳﻮت ﻛﺒﺪ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻣﺜﻞ زﻳﺖ ﻛﺒﺪ اﻟﻘﺮش‬.‫ ودﻫﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ‬،‫ اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬،‫أ ( اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ :‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬ Plant sources: a) Vitamin A is present in plants as (carotenes) (= Provitamin A). b) Carotenes (α, β and y): 1) Present in carrots, potato and tomatoes. 2) Are yellow pigments containing ẞ-ionone ring at one end of the molecule. 3) Are converted into vitamin A (retinal aldehyde) in the intestine. :‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬.(A ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺎروﺗﻴﻨﺎت )ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬A ‫( ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬a :(γ‫ و‬،β ،α) ‫( اﻟﻜﺎروﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬b.‫ واﻟﻄﻤﺎﻃﻢ‬،‫ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰر‬.١.‫أﻳﻮﻧﻮن ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ أﻃﺮاف اﻟﺠﺰيء‬-‫ ﻫﻲ أﺻﺒﺎغ ﺻﻔﺮاء ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ‬.٢.‫ )أﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﺎل( ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬A ‫ﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ّ ُ‫ ﺗ‬.٣ 44 Functions of vitamin A: ‫وﺿﻴﻔﺘﻪ‬ 1. Vision -Retinal is essential for night vision. 2-Reproduction: - Retinol is essential for reproduction. It supports sperm formation (spermatogenesis) in males and maintains fetal life in females. 3 Growth: - Retinol is essential for normal growth and bone & teeth formation. 4- Maintenance of epithelial cells: Retinol and retinoic acid are essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells. This is important for smoothness of skin and mucus membranes. - Retinol is also essential for intact cornea. 5. Retinoic acid: is important for a) Glycoprotein synthesis. b) Phospholipids synthesis in the lungs (lung surfactant). 6. Antioxidant (anticancer) action: a) Retinoids and Carotenoids (carotenes) act as antioxidants and protect tissues from toxic effect of some oxidants that may lead to epithelial tissue cancer. :‫اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﺎل ﺿﺮوري ﻟﻠﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ :‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬.‫ وﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻹﻧﺎث‬،‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻮﻳﺔ )ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﻄﺎف( ﻟﺪى اﻟﺬﻛﻮر‬،‫اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﻮل أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ :‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬.‫اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﻮل ﺿﺮوري ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ وﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم واﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬ :‫اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﻮل ﺿﺮوري‬.‫ وﻫﻮ أﻣﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻨﻌﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ واﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ‬،‫اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﻮل وﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﻮﻳﻚ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎن ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ‬.‫ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﺔ‬ :‫ ﻟﻪ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬: ‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﻮﻳﻚ‬.‫( ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻮﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬a.(‫( ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﻴﻦ )اﻟﺴﻴﺮﻓﻜﺘﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺮﺋﻮي‬b :(‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻀﺎد ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪة )ﻣﻀﺎد ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻃﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺮﻳﺘﻴﻨﻮﻳﺪات واﻟﻜﺎروﺗﻴﻨﺎت )اﻟﻜﺎروﺗﻴﻨﺎت( ﻛﻤﻀﺎدات أﻛﺴﺪة ﺗﺤﻤﻲ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺎم ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺴﺪات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺳﺮﻃﺎن‬.‫اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ‬ Deficiency Manifestations: :A ‫أﻋﺮاض ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬  Night blindness.. ‫اﻟﻌﺸﻰ اﻟﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬  Xerophthalmia (dryness of eye)..(Xerophthalmia) ‫ﺟﻔﺎف اﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬  Defective bone & teeth formation. ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﺎم واﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬ ّ 45  Vitamin D D ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ is considered a steroid hormone Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is synthesized in the skin by sunlight (UV). The biologically active form is: 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) -Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) is derived from ergosterol in lower animals and plants -D3, D2 are also available as supplement.(‫ وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ )اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺳﺘﻴﺮوﻳﺪﻳﺎ‬ ً ‫( ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧً ﺎ‬D3 ‫ُﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻔﻴﺮول )ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.(‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻔﻴﺮول )اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﺘﺮﻳﻮل‬-1,25 ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻫﻮ‬ ً ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬.‫( ُﻳﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻹرﻏﻮﺳﺘﻴﺮول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ واﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬D2 ‫إرﻏﻮﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﻔﻴﺮول )ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ -.‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﻤﻜﻤﻼت ﻏﺬاﺋﻴﺔ‬ ً D2‫ و‬D3 ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ‬ - Vitamin D is obtained in the diet or by photolysis of 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin exposed to sunlight. Cholecalciferol is derived from 7- dehydrocholesterol in the skin by UV irradiation of sunlight (non enzymatic reaction) so dermal synthesis is the major natural source of the vitamin. -7 ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ أو ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻟـ‬D ‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.‫دﻳﻬﻴﺪروﻛﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﻴﺮول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻪ ﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫دﻳﻬﻴﺪروﻛﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﻴﺮول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻓﻮق‬-7 ‫ُﻳﺸﺘﻖ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻔﻴﺮول ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ُﻳﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﻠﺪي‬،(‫اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ )ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ إﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ Vitamin D from the diet or dermal synthesis is biologically inactive and requires enzymatic conversion to active metabolites. In liver: Cholecalciferol is converted to 25- hydroxycholecalciferol by the enzyme 25- hydroxylase. In kidneys: The a1-hydroxylase enzyme converts 25- hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol (biologically active) In plasma, it is transported to the target tissues bound to a2- globulin normal.‫ وﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ إﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎت ﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬،‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ً ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ أو اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﻠﺪي ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﻂ‬D ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻴﻼز‬-25 ‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻔﻴﺮول ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ إﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬-25 ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻔﻴﺮول إﻟﻰ‬:‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫ اﻟﺬي ُﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻔﻴﺮول‬-1,25 ‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻔﻴﺮول إﻟﻰ‬-25 ‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻴﻼز ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬-1-‫ ﻳﻘﻮم إﻧﺰﻳﻢ أﻟﻔﺎ‬:‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬.‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ً ‫اﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬.‫ ﻏﻠﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬2-‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎ ﻣﻊ أﻟﻔﺎ‬ ً ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬:‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‬ Functions: :‫وﻇﺎﺋﻔﻪ‬ 46  Calcification of bone & teeth by: :‫اﻟﺘﻜﻠﺲ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﺎم واﻷﺳﻨﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬  Functions: :‫وﻇﺎﺋﻔﻪ‬  Calcification of bone & teeth by: :‫اﻟﺘﻜﻠﺲ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﺎم واﻷﺳﻨﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ 1. ↑ Ca absorption from intestine..‫ زﻳﺎدة اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬.١ 2. ↑ Ca reabsorption in kidneys..‫ زﻳﺎدة إﻋﺎدة اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬.٢ 3. Helps normal ossification in bone ‫ دﻋﻢ اﻟﺘﻤﻌﺪن اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬.٣ Deficiency Manifestations: In adults severe vitamin D deficiency leads to osteomalacia causes weak bones, bone pain, and muscle weakness Osteomalacia: defective bone mineralization in adults Rickets: defective bone and cartilage mineralization in children ↓ Serum Ca & P levels. :‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ اﻟﻨﻘﺺ‬ ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم وآﻻم اﻟﻌﻈﺎم وﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬،‫ﻳﺆدي اﻟﻨﻘﺺ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ د ﻟﺪى اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ ﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬ ‫ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﻌﺪن اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﻟﺪى اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ‬:‫ ﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬ ‫ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﻌﺪن اﻟﻌﻈﺎم واﻟﻐﻀﺎرﻳﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‬:‫ اﻟﻜﺴﺎح‬.‫ ↓ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم و اﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم‬ 47 Vitamin E "tocopherols" "anti-oxidant vitamin" (‫ "ﺗﻮﻛﻮﻓﻴﺮول" )ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻀﺎد ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪة‬E ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ Chemistry ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬ -Vitamin E is a tochopherol that contains tocol nucleus. -There are 4 tocopherols known as alpha, beta, gamma &delta differing in the number and position of methyl groups on the ring of tocol nucleus -tocopherol alpha: 5,7,8 Trimethyl tocol. -tocopherol (Beta): 5,8 Dimethyl tocol. -tocopherol (Gamma): 7,8 Dimethyl tocol. -tocopherol (Delta): 8 Methyl tocol..‫ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﻛﻮﻓﻴﺮول ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮاة ﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬E ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ o :‫ وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد وﻣﻮاﺿﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻧﻮاة اﻟﺘﻮﻛﻮل‬،‫ ودﻟﺘﺎ‬،‫ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ‬،‫ﻫﻨﺎك أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﻛﻮﻓﻴﺮول ﺗُ ﻌﺮف ﺑﺄﻟﻔﺎ‬ o.‫ﺗﺮي ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬: 5،7،8 ‫ أﻟﻔﺎ ﺗﻮﻛﻮﻓﻴﺮول‬.‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬: 5،8 ‫ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﺗﻮﻛﻮﻓﻴﺮول‬.‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬: 7،8 ‫ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻛﻮﻓﻴﺮول‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬: 8 ‫ دﻟﺘﺎ ﺗﻮﻛﻮﻓﻴﺮول‬ - alpha tocopherol has the greateset biological activities and is the most active form of vitamin E.E ‫وﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ُ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ‬ ً ‫أﻟﻔﺎ ﺗﻮﻛﻮﻓﻴﺮول ﻫﻮ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ 48  Functions: ‫وﺿﻴﻔﺘﻪ‬ -Free radicals, such as superoxide, hydroxyl ions and nitric oxide all contain an unpaired electron. These radicals can have a negative effect on cells causing oxidative damage that leads to cell death. -Antioxidants, such as vitamin E, prevent cell damage by binding to the free radical and neutralising its unpaired electron. For example, when vitamin E binds to OO· or O2 · they form an intermediate structure that is converted to alpha -tocopherylquinone. ‫ﺳﻠﺒﺎ‬ ً ‫ وﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﺬور ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬،‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺰدوج‬،‫ وأﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬،‫ أﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻴﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻷﻛﺴﺪة‬:‫اﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﺤﺮة‬ -.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ إﺣﺪاث ﺿﺮر ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪي ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮت اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺬور‬E ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬،‫ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﻠﻒ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺤﺮ وﺗﺤﻴﻴﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺰدوج‬،E ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬:‫ﻣﻀﺎدات اﻷﻛﺴﺪة‬ -.‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻫﻴﻜﻞ وﺳﻄﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ إﻟﻰ أﻟﻔﺎ ﺗﻮﻛﻮﻓﻴﺮﻳﻞ ﻛﻴﻨﻮن‬،·O₂ ‫· أو‬OO ‫اﻟﺤﺮة‬ due to its antioxidant power: 1- prevents destruction of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A. 2- prevents lung tissue damage from air oxidants. 3- prevent RBCs cell membrane damage (i.e. increases RBCs resistance to hemolysis) 4 -Diet rich in foods containing vitamin E might help protect some people against Alzheimer’s disease (AD). :‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬E ‫ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬،‫ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻗﺪرﺗﻪ ﻛﻤﻀﺎد ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪة‬ A.‫ ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ وﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.١.‫ ﻳﺤﻤﻲ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺴﺪات اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬.٢.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻞ‬،‫ ﻳﺤﻤﻲ أﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬.٣.‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ‬E ‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ اﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﺑﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.٤ Deficiency: 1- Hemolysis and hemolytic anemia due to accumulation of hydrogen peroxide H202 2- Hepatic necrosis. 3- Skeletal muscle degeneration: muscle dystrophy and paralysis with creatinuria. 4- Stomach cancer due to increase peroxide formation which affect wall of the stomach. Requirements: -10-20mg/day :E ‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.(H₂O₂) ‫ ﺗﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﺪم وﻓﻘﺮ اﻟﺪم اﻻﻧﺤﻼﻟﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺑﻴﺮوﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ‬.١.‫ ﻧﺨﺮ ﻛﺒﺪي‬.٢.(creatinuria) ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺿﻤﻮر اﻟﻌﻀﻼت وﺷﻠﻞ ﻣﺼﺤﻮب ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻮل‬:‫ ﺗﺪﻫﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬.٣.‫ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻛﺴﻴﺪات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪار اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬ ّ ‫ ﺳﺮﻃﺎن اﻟﻤﻌﺪة ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ زﻳﺎدة‬.٤ :‫اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻳﻮم‬/‫ ﻣﻠﻎ‬20-10 ‫ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ‬ - 49 Vitamin K "anti-hemorrhagic " "‫ "ﻣﻀﺎد اﻟﻨﺰﻳﻒ‬K ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ Chemistry: :‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬ -They are derived from naphthoquinones.‫ﻧﺎﻓﺜﻮﻛﻴﻨﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ K ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ُﻳﺸﺘﻖ‬ -There are 2 types: :‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‬ a- Naturally occurring vitamin K1 and K2.‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ‬ ً ‫ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدان‬K2‫ و‬K1 ‫ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.A b- Synthetic vitamin K3 (Menadione).‫ )ﻣﻴﻨﺎدﻳﻮن( اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ‬K3 ‫ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.B -All types of vitamin K contain a methyl group at carbon number 2' -vitamin K1 &K2 differ only in the side chain while K3 has no sidechain and is more active..2 ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن رﻗﻢ‬K ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻮاع ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ -.‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ‬ ً ‫وﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ُ ‫ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬K3 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن‬،‫ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎن ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬K2‫ و‬K1 ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ - Sources: ‫ﻣﺼﺎدره‬ 1-vitamin K1: "from diet".‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ‬:K1 ‫ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.1 -green leafy vegetables, liver and egg yolk..‫ وﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬،‫ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬،‫ﻳﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻀﺮوات اﻟﻮرﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‬ - -Milk is Poor source of K1.K1 ‫ﻓﻘﻴﺮا ﺑﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ً ‫ﻣﺼﺪرا‬ ً ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﻳﻌﺪ‬ - :K2 ‫ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.2 2-Vitamin K2: synthesized by intestinal bacteria "Frola".(‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻷﻣﻌﺎء )اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎ‬ - Functions: ‫وﻇﺎﺋﻔﻪ‬ 1- Production of coenzyme (ubiquinone) which acts as electron carrier helping the process of oxidative-phosphorylation in the respiratory chain. 2- Vitamin K is essential for formation of biologically active clotting factors: -prothrombin and factors VII, IX and X by liver as it acts as a coenzyme for prothrombin synthesis -protein C & S.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺴﻔﺮة اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬،‫ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻺﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬:(‫ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻹﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ )ﻳﻮﺑﻴﻜﻮﻳﻨﻮن‬.١ :‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ً ‫ ﺿﺮوري ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ‬K ‫ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.٢.‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺈﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﺮوﺛﺮوﻣﺒﻴﻦ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬X‫ و‬،IX ،VII ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺛﺮوﻣﺒﻴﻦ وﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ‬ -.S‫ و‬C ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ً ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ - Deficiency: 50 -Causes of deficiency of vitamin K:.S‫ و‬C ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ً ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ - Deficiency: -Causes of deficiency of vitamin K: 1- failure of synthesis by intestinal bacteria as in: -Newly born infants as their intestines are sterile and breast milk poor in vitamin K -Prolonged intake of oral antibiotics that kill flora 2- Failure of absorption as in liver disease: in obstructive jaundice No bile salts → vitamin K is not absorbed 3- Long use of dicumarol and warfarin. :K ‫أﺳﺒﺎب ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ :‫ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻷﻣﻌﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.١.K ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن أﻣﻌﺎؤﻫﻢ ﻋﻘﻴﻤﺔ وﺣﻠﻴﺐ اﻷم ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﺑﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬،‫اﻟﺮﺿﻊ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻮ اﻟﻮﻻدة‬ -.‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎ‬،‫ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻤﻀﺎدات اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ -.K ‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬،‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ أﻣﻼح اﻟﺼﻔﺮاء‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎن اﻻﻧﺴﺪادي‬:‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮاض اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬،‫ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص‬.٢ ‫ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻄﻮل ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻜﻮﻣﺎرول واﻟﻮارﻓﺎرﻳﻦ‬.٣ Manifestations of vitamin K deficiency: 1- Decrease production of active blood clotting factors → Hemorrhagic tendency due to prolongation of clotting time 2- Bleeding after minor injuries, and affects mostly skin and mucous Membranes :K ‫أﻋﺮاض ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.‫ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض إﻧﺘﺎج ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم → اﻟﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﺰﻳﻒ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ إﻃﺎﻟﺔ زﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ‬.١.‫ وﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ واﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻨﺰﻳﻒ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻄﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬.٢ 51