Anatomy Lecture: Tissue Types, Connective Tissue, Cartilage & Bone - PDF

LECTURE 2 Introduction to Anatomy -What is anatomy? -Levels of Organization -Language of Anatomy -Terms of Movement Tissue types - Epithelium - Connective tissue - Cartilage - Bone - Joints  Conn...

LECTURE 2 Introduction to Anatomy -What is anatomy? -Levels of Organization -Language of Anatomy -Terms of Movement Tissue types - Epithelium - Connective tissue - Cartilage - Bone - Joints  Connective Tissues Never exposed to environment outside of body Contain 3 basic components: 1. Specialized Cells 2. Extracellular Protein Fiores 3. Ground Substance (fluid) Matri X x ⑭  Connective Tissue Functions 1. makes the structural framework of your body 2. transport fluid and dissolved materials 3. protect organs 4. Loading… Supports, surrounds, and connects other tissues 5. stores energy (fat) 6. Defends the body from microorganisms  Types of Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Supporting Connective Tissue Proper Fluid Connective Tissue Connective Tissue (fat) (cartilage) Loose - Dense Blood Lymph Fibers of Cartilage Cartilage Bone Bone that its made Fibers create Cardiovascular Solid, Solid, Fibers densely Lymphatic loose, open system rubbery crystalline packed system framework matrix matrix Figure 3.11 A Classification of Connective Tissues · Leis Cells (recruit cells) Wandering · immune 1. Connective Tissue Proper FIXED CELLS WANDERING CELLS Very small interconnected , , middle in terms of flexability Reticular fibers (branching) Mast Cell Thimmer , flexible Melanocytes melanin - Elastic fibers Fixed Macrophage - immune cell Loading… Free Macrophage Collagen fibers Blood grounhi are in vessel Fibrocyte Lrigia) - maintain fibers Free Macrophage Adipocytes fat provide , Mesenchymal cell energy into now iff cells. Lymphocyte Fibroblasts Neutrophils & Eosinophils Makes fibres Table 3.1 tencam  3. Supporting Connective Tissues Provide framework that supports the body Matrix = many fibers CARTILAGE and BONE  Supporting Connective Tissues: Cartilage Functions: 1. support-soft tissues leg Respiratory. 2. smooth sliding surface (eg. Joints) 3. model (for future bones) 4. growth (longitudinal in bone at epiphyseal plates) 5. intervertebral cushioning  Formation & Growth of Cartilage 1. Appositional Growth Adds to the surface Dividing Fibroblast stem cell Perichondrium New matrix Matrix Immature Chondroblast chondrocyte immature L Older matrix Chondrocyte Mature makeup chondrocyte cart. I Cells in the 2. Chondroblasts. New matrix 3 enlarges perichondrium Secrete new & chondroblasts differentiate differentiate b matrix into chondrocyte into chondroblast Figure 3.17b The Formation and Growth of Cartilage  Formation & Growth of Cartilage 2. Interstitial Growth Grows from within Matrix New Chondrocyte Lacuna ⑳ matrix 1 Chondrocytes divide in. 2 Daughter cells. secrete matrix a lacuna surrounded by. matrix Cells more apart creating from within cartilage Figure 3.17c The Formation and Growth of Cartilage  Types of Cartilage 1. Hyaline Cartilage Functions: - Stiff but flexible supgant - Reduces friction between bony surfaces Examples: Loading… -Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum -Covering bone surfaces at synovial joints -Supporting the larynx, trachea, bronchi -Part of the nasal septum * Lab Exam Hyaline Cartilage Histology Fibers? Matrix?? Chondrocytes in lacunae Matrix not many fibers (translucent).  Types of Cartilage 2. Elastic Cartilage Functions: Provides support tolerates distortion & returns to original shake , Examples: Auricle of external ear auditory canal Epiglottis larynx  Elastic Cartilage Elastic Fibers!! Chondrocyte in lacunae Elastic fibers in matrix · clastic fibers  Types of Cartilage 3. Fibrous Cartilage Functions: Resists compression Prevents bone-bone contact Limits relative movement Locations: Pads within knee joint between pubic bones of pelvis intervertebral discs  Fibrous Cartilage Collagen Fibers!! Dense Chondrocytes Fibrous matrix LM × 400 · densely packed Fibers-grevent compression  Supporting Connective Tissues: Bones Function. Support-structural suggest ·. Hematopoesis-blood cell production ·. Storage of minerals – calcium & ⑧ phosphate. · Protection. · Leverage – levers working with muscles  Cells of Bone Osteocyte - mature cert (Lacunae) Osteoprogenitor cell - Stem cell. grow Matrix into Osteoblasts Endosteum Canaliculi · offers nutrients 8 Medullary cavity immature cell Osteoblast release - Osteoid Osteoclast - break down bone that build matrix Medullary cavity Osteoid 2 opposite but work Matrix Matrix , + to Keeg bone g healthy Fig 5.1  Two Types of Osseous Tissue 1. Compact bone Dense and solid, forms the walls of bone Consists of Osteons (basic funtional unit of Bone 2. Spongy bone (trabecular/cancellous) Open network of plates , light weight Surrounds the medullary cavity (bone marrow ( Arranged in parallel struts, forms trabeculae (open network) * Lab Exam Osteons of Compact Bone Osteon -how bone cells are organized - Lacunae Canaliculi - - lamella Centra e Central l canals canals Osteo n Lacunae Lamella q => e Osteons SEM × 182 Osteons LM × 220 Osteon LM × 343 Fig 5.1 Compact & Spongy Bone Capillar Small vein y (contained in Concentri c central canal) lamellae Periosteum e Spong y bone Comp act bone Trabeculae of Compact spongy bone bone Figure 3.19  Open network Lighter  Bone Development & Growth Ossification: Process of replacing tissue wh bone Osteogenesis: Process of bone formation Calcification: Deposition of calcium ions into the bone Tissue BREAK! Bone Development Stem cells  Intramembranous Ossification. Differentiation of mesenchymal cells to osteoblasts · Osteoblasts clusterI secrete matrix lostcoid Osteoid mineralizes & ossification begins lossification · centre Bone matrix with osteoid Mesenchymal cell Ossification centre Blood vessel Osteoblast Figure 5.6. Intramembranous Ossification  Intramembranous Ossification 1. Differentiation to osteocytes & formation of spicules · Osteoblasts surrounded by Osteoid become osteocytes Ossification centers grow outward small struts (spicuies) · in Spicules Lacuna Osteocyte  Intramembranous Ossification 3. Entrapment of Blood vessels Blood vessels grow between spicules Spicules connectI trap vessels Blood vessel trapped within bone matrix Osteocytes  Intramembranous Ossification 4. Formation of Spongy Bone Osteoblasts continue to deposit done & create bony plates Plates fuse together Ex Flat bunes. Loading… Blood vessels trapped within Spongy bone bone matrix  Endochondral Ossification (hyaline cartilage model) Long Bones 1. Eg. Chondrocytes enlarge · matrix begins to cacify · chondrocytes die leaving cavities in the cartilage Enlarging chondrocytes within calcifying matrix Disintegrating chondrocytes Hyaline cartilag e Figure 5.7.1 Endochondral Ossification  Endochondral Ossification (hyaline cartilage model).. 2 Blood vessels grow around cartilage perichondrium cells differentiate to osteoblasts M periosteum · inner layer produces a bone collar Bone collar = thin layer of compact bone around the shaft of the cartilage Periosteum formed from perichondrium Figure 5.7.1 Endochondral Ossification  Endochondral Ossification 3. Ablood supply capillaries & osteoblasts migrate to centre Medullary cavity calcified matrix is replaced Primary with spongy bone by ossification center osteoblasts Spongy * bone Metaphy. 4. Shaft fills with spongy bone Osteoclasts create medullary · cavity ⑧ Shaft becomes thicker* ⑧ osteoblasts move to metaphysis  Further growth involves 2 distinct processes: 1. Increase in length (longitudinal growth) 2. Enlargement in diameter (appositional growth)  Longitudinal Growth Hyaline cartilage 5. Capillaries and osteoblasts Secondary ossification migrate into the centers of the center epiphyses Epiphysi S s M Metaphysis Periosteum Compact bone Secondary ossification center  Longitudinal Growth 6. Epiphyseal cartilage/plate Spong Y -Epiphyses fills with spongy bone y al bone -Osteoblasts in the plate replace Epiphyseal cartilage cartilage with bone Diaphysi S s an -Plate enlarges & pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis ⑧ Chondrocytes divide and enlarge. Chondrocytes degenerate at the diaphyseal side. ⑧ Osteoblasts migrate upward from the diaphysis, and cartilage replaced by bone.  Longitudinal Growth 7. Epiphyseal Closure Articula nu - Rate of epiphyseal cartilage growth Epiphyseal line r Cartilag - osteoblast activity e -Epiphyseal cartilage becomes epiphyseal line g Spong y bone Medullar y cavity  EPIPHYSEAL PLATE Fig. 5- 10  Appositional growth 1. Ridges form parallel to lood a vessel 2. Ridges create pocket a 3. Ridges meet fuse O tray the vessel ,. in the bone Figure 5.9  Appositional growth # 1. 4. Bone deposition an oste on continues inwards towards the vessel creating , 2. a. 5 Circumferential lamellae are deposited increasing diameter Al 3. G. Osteon is complete Circumferential lamellae Central canal of new osteon Figure 5.9  Factors Regulating Bone Growth 1. Nutrition – calcium & phosphate salts, magnesium, sodium ions, vitamins A, C, D 2. Hormones – osteoclast & oteoblast activity, – calcium absorption small intestine, – m calcium loss in urine – growth hormone, estrogen and testosterone 3. Exercise Sedentary Endurance Trained  7 Categories of Bone by Shapes Pneumatized bone nasal cavity - Short Bone Irregular Bone Flat Bone Long Bone · Fig. 5- 11 Sesamoid Bone Sutural Bone - connected by Sutures  Axial Skeleton Skull Thoracic cage Vertebral column - 80 bones Fig. 6- 1  Appendicular Skeleton -2 Fig. 7- 1 ones  Articulations/Joints Classification of Joints 1.based on their function (i.e. range of motion/movement) 2.based on their structure  S 1. Table 8.1 Function and Structural Classification of Articulations - Skull - teeth to mandible ↑ - ribs - Skurf 2. S - bones connected by ligament Tibia & Fib :a & cartillage - Pelvis 3. S G © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.  Diarthroses/Synovial Joints Free movement Typically found at the ends of long bones Examples of diarthroses joints: – Shoulder joint – Elbow joint Medullary cavity – Hip joint Spongy bone Periosteu – Knee joint m Joint capsule Synovial membrane Articular cartilages Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Compact bone  Diarthroses/Synovial Joints All synovial joints have six basic characteristics: 1. A joint capsule 2. Articular cartilage 3. A joint cavity with synovial fluid 4. A synovial membrane 5. Accessory structures (cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bursae) 6. Sensory nerves and blood vessels  Medullary cavity Spongy bone Periosteum Components of Synovial Joints Joint capsule Synovial membrane Articular cartilage Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Compact bone a Diagrammatic view of a simple articulation Classification of Synovial Joints (6) Gliding joints (planar joints) · Nanaxial (glide in one direction Multiaxial all directional (glides · in Classification of Synovial Joints (6) 2. Hinge joints · Flex/Ext Classification of Synovial Joints (6) 3. Pivot joints · Rotational movements - Vertebrae under skurt  Classification of Synovial Joints 1. Condylar/Ellipsoidal joints – nur & Oval articular surface on one bone articulates with a depression on another bone Z - Wrist  Classification of Synovial Joints 1. Saddle joints – wit · Biaxial joints that allow some circumduction (twiddling of thumbs)  Classification of Synovial Joints 1. Ball and socket joints – In · Triaxial joints allows for , a lot of movement * Joint stability vs. movement Most stable Least movement Gliding Pivot Hinge Saddle Ellipsoid Most movement Least stable Ball and Socket  End Questions??