Skeletal System - Human Anatomy - PDF

INTRODUCTION OF SKELETAL SYSTEM  SKELETAL SYSTEM The skeletal system is made up of the bones and cartilage that form the framework of your body. We have bones so that we are not a puddle of skin and guts on the floor. Babies have 300 bones. Adults have 206 bones. ...

INTRODUCTION OF SKELETAL SYSTEM  SKELETAL SYSTEM The skeletal system is made up of the bones and cartilage that form the framework of your body. We have bones so that we are not a puddle of skin and guts on the floor. Babies have 300 bones. Adults have 206 bones.  SKELETAL SYSTEM Inside of a Bone A bone is made up of salts, water, and tissue. Inside a bone there is a jelly substance called bone marrow. Bone marrow produces blood cells for the body.  SKELETAL SYSTEM Four Main function of Skeletal System: To protect your body and give it shape. To protect your internal organs To provide a scaffolding for your muscles, allowing you to move. To store minerals and make blood cells.  SKELETAL SYSTEM STRUCTURE 4 TYPES OF BONES CONNECTIVE AXIAL FLAT TISSUES APPENDICULAR LONG CARTILAGE SHORT JOINT IRREGULAR LIGAMENTS TENDONS STRUCTURE OF THE BONE AXIAL - APPENDICULAR AXIAL  AXIAL Axial Skeleton- the 80 bones that make up the skull, spine, ribs, or sternum (breastbone). Functions include the vertebrae which protect the spinal cord. Also, the ribs which connect around to attach to the sternum and protects the heart and lungs.  AXIAL - SKULL The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones—eight cranial bones and fourteen facial skeleton bones. In the neurocranium these are the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones.  AXIAL - SPINE Vertebrae are the 33 individual bones that interlock with each other to form the spinal column. The vertebrae are numbered and divided into regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx. Only the top 24 bones are moveable; the vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are fused.  AXIAL - RIBS The ribs are a set of twelve bones which form the protective 'cage' of the thorax. They articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as cartilage (known as costal cartilage). As part of the bony thorax, the ribs protect the internal thoracic organs.  AXIAL - STERNUM The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury. APPENDICULAR  APPENDICULAR Appendicular skeleton- the 126 bones of the shoulder, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Function allowing the body to perform a wide range of motions.  APPENDICULAR - PECTORAL GIRDLE The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side. In humans it consists of the clavicle and scapula; in those species with three bones in the shoulder, it consists of the clavicle, scapula, and coracoid.  APPENDICULAR - CLAVICLE The clavicle, or collarbone, is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum (breastbone). There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the right. The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally.  APPENDICULAR - SCAPULA The scapula (plural scapulae or scapulas), also known as the shoulder bone, shoulder blade, wing bone or blade bone, is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone).  APPENDICULAR - PELVIC GIRDLE A distinction can be made between the "pelvic spine" and the "pelvic girdle." The pelvic girdle, also known as the os coxae, Latin for “bone of the hip,” consists of the fused bones identified individually as the ilium, ischium, and pubis.  APPENDICULAR - HUMERUS Is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow also known as adele. It connects the scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna, and consists of three sections.  APPENDICULAR - RADIUS The radius or radial bone is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna.  APPENDICULAR - ULNA The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. It runs parallel to the radius, the other long bone in the forearm.  APPENDICULAR - CARPALS The carpal bones are the eight small bones that make up the wrist (or carpus) that connects the hand to the forearm. The term "carpus" is derived from the Latin carpus and the Greek karpós, meaning “wrist”  APPENDICULAR - METACARPALS The metacarpal bones or metacarpus, form the intermediate part of the skeletal hand located between the phalanges of the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist which forms the connection to the forearm. The metacarpal bones are analogous to the metatarsal bones in the foot.  APPENDICULAR - PHALANGES The phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot. There are 56 phalanges in the human body, with fourteen on each hand and foot. Three phalanges are present on each finger and toe, with the exception of the thumb and large toe, which possess only two.  APPENDICULAR - FEMUR The femur is the only bone located within the human thigh. It is both the longest and the strongest bone in the human body, extending from the hip to the knee.  APPENDICULAR - PATELLA The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a flat, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint.  APPENDICULAR - TIBIA The tibia is the bone that forms the shin and is the larger of the two lower-leg bones. The top of the tibia connects to the knee joint and the bottom of the tibia connects to the ankle joint. Although this bone carries all the body's weight, it needs support from the fibula. The fibula forms the calf bone.  APPENDICULAR - FIBULA The fibula or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones and, in proportion to its length, the slenderest of all the long bones.  APPENDICULAR - TARSAL/METATARSAL/PHALENGES Tarsals - a set of seven irregularly shaped bones. They are situated proximally in the foot in the ankle area. Metatarsals – connect the phalanges to the tarsals. There are five in number – one for each digit. Phalanges – the bones of the toes.  TYPES OF BONES LONG - SHORT - FLAT - IRREGULAR  LONG BONES Long- found in the arms and legs. These bones are very strong. femur ulna tibia metacarpals fibula metatarsal humerus phalanges radius clavicle  SHORT BONES Short bones are shaped roughly as a cube and contain mostly spongy bone. The outside surface is comprised of a thin layer of compact bone. Short bones are located in the hands and feet.  SHORT BONES CARPAL TARSAL scaphoid calcaneus lunate talus triquetral navicular hamate cuboid pisiform capitate lateral cuneiform trapezoid intermediate trapezium cuneiform PATELLA medial cuneiform  FLAT BONES Flat bones are bones whose principal function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment. These bones are expanded into broad, flat plates. cranium ilium (pelvis) sternum rib cage  IRREGULAR BONES Irregular bones vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category (flat, short, long, or sesamoid). They often have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs. vertebrae sacrum mandible  CONNECTIVE TISSUE CARTILAGE - JOINTS - LIGAMENTS - TENDONS CARTILAGE  CARTILAGE A strong, flexible connective tissue. ○ Different types of cartilage line the surface of bones at joints allowing smooth movement. ○ Other functions include cushioning the vertebrae and supporting the ear and nose. A baby’s skeletal system is mostly made up of cartilage. As the baby grows, the cartilage is replaced with bone minerals and cells through ossification. ○ Ossification- the process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired. JOINTS  JOINTS The point at while 2 bones meet. ○ Some joints provide a small range of motion and are considered immovable (ex.skull). Most are mobile and provide a range of movement.  TYPES OF JOINTS Synovial joints are further classified into six different categories on the basis of the shape and structure of the joint. The shape of the joint affects the type of movement permitted by the joint. These joints can be described: planar condyloid hinge saddle pivot ball-and-socket  TYPES OF JOINTS: PLANAR Planar joints have bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces. These joints allow for gliding movements, and so the joints are sometimes referred to as gliding joints.  TYPES OF JOINTS: HINGE A hinge joint is a common class of synovial joint that includes the ankle, elbow, and knee joints. Hinge joints are formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis to flex or extend.  TYPES OF JOINTS: PIVOT A pivot joint is a synovial joint in which the ends of two bones meet—one end being a central bony cylinder, the other end being a ring (or ring-like structure) made of bone and ligament. In some joints, the cylinder rotates inside the ring. In other joints, the ring rotates around the cylinder.  TYPES OF JOINTS: CONDYLOID A condyloid joint (also called condylar, ellipsoidal, or bicondylar) is an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.  TYPES OF JOINTS: SADDLE A saddle joint is a synovial joint where one of the bones forming the joint is shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on it like a rider on a horse. Saddle joints provide stability to the bones while providing more flexibility than a hinge or gliding joint.  TYPES OF JOINTS: BALL-SOCKET The ball and socket joint (or spheroid joint) is a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. The distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. LIGAMENTS  LIGAMENTS Ligaments-tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue that binds the bone ends at the joint. ○ Also prevents excess movement of the joint. TENDONS  TENDONS Fibrous cords that join muscle to bone or to other muscles. ○ Example of tendons that are visible to the eye are when you use your fingers you see the tendons moving on the back of your hand.  PROPER BONE CARE INFORMATION ON HOW TO TAKE CARE OF BONES  IMPORTANCE OF BONE FUNCTION Bones act as a storage center for the body’s essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus. Bones also produce blood cells. This takes place in the red bone marrow.  PROPER DIET Calcium is an essential mineral in order to build up the strength of the bones. Food sources include milk, cheese, most dairy products. Phosphorus combines with calcium to give bones their rigidity. Food sources include milk, peas, liver, cottage cheese, broccoli, and whole grains.  PHYSICAL EXERCISE Regular activity is important for the health of bones. Exercise promotes better blood flow, increasing nourishment to the bones. Also important is weight bearing exercise which increases the bone mass. ○ Weight bearing activities include walking, lifting weights, any exercise with direct weight pressure to the ground. ○ Not included are swimming, biking, etc.  REVIEW DIFFERENT BONES The Hyoid Bone The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue NEXT TOPIC: MUSCULAR SYSTEM