PSK 4U Kinesiology Exam Review PDF

‭PSK‬‭4U‬ ‭Kinesiology‬‭Exam‬‭Review‬ ‭Anatomical‬‭Position‬ ‭1)‬ ‭Be‬‭able‬‭to‬‭use‬‭the‬‭following‬‭terms‬‭to‬‭describe‬‭position‬‭and‬‭movement‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Anterior‬‭-‬‭Front‬‭half‬‭of‬‭the‬‭body,‬‭or‬‭“in‬‭front‬‭of”‬‭when‬‭describing‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Posteri...

‭PSK‬‭4U‬ ‭Kinesiology‬‭Exam‬‭Review‬ ‭Anatomical‬‭Position‬ ‭1)‬ ‭Be‬‭able‬‭to‬‭use‬‭the‬‭following‬‭terms‬‭to‬‭describe‬‭position‬‭and‬‭movement‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Anterior‬‭-‬‭Front‬‭half‬‭of‬‭the‬‭body,‬‭or‬‭“in‬‭front‬‭of”‬‭when‬‭describing‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Posterior‬‭-‬‭Back‬‭half‬‭of‬‭the‬‭body,‬‭or‬‭“behind”‬ ‭c.‬ ‭Superior‬‭-‬‭Refers‬‭to‬‭upward‬‭surfaces‬ ‭d.‬ ‭Inferior‬‭-‬‭Refers‬‭to‬‭downward‬‭surfaces‬ ‭e.‬ ‭Medial‬‭-‬‭towards‬‭midline‬‭or‬‭towards‬‭median‬‭plane‬ ‭f.‬ ‭Lateral‬‭-‬‭away‬‭from‬‭midline‬‭or‬‭away‬‭from‬‭median‬‭plane‬ ‭g.‬ ‭Proximal‬‭-‬‭towards‬‭the‬‭point‬‭of‬‭attachment‬‭of‬‭the‬‭limb‬‭to‬‭the‬‭body‬ ‭h.‬ ‭Distal‬‭-‬‭Further‬‭away‬‭from‬‭the‬‭point‬‭of‬‭attachment‬ ‭2)‬ ‭Name‬‭and‬‭describe‬‭the‬‭three‬‭anatomical‬‭planes‬‭and‬‭axes.‬ ‭.‬ ‭Transverse‬‭plane:‬‭Divides‬‭the‬‭body‬‭into‬‭superior‬‭and‬‭inferior‬‭segments.‬ 1 ‭Longitudinal‬‭axis:‬‭In‬‭a‬‭“north-south”‬‭relationship‬‭to‬‭the‬‭anatomical‬‭position.‬ ‭.‬ ‭Sagittal‬‭plane:‬‭Divides‬‭the‬‭body‬‭into‬‭medial‬‭and‬‭lateral‬‭segments.‬ 2 ‭Horizontal‬‭axis:‬‭In‬‭an‬‭“east-west”‬‭relationship‬‭to‬‭the‬‭anatomical‬‭position.‬ ‭.‬ ‭Frontal‬‭plane:‬‭Divides‬‭the‬‭body‬‭into‬‭anterior‬‭and‬‭posterior‬‭segments.‬ 3 ‭Antero-posterior‬‭axis:‬‭In‬‭a‬‭“front-to-back”‬‭relationship‬‭to‬‭the‬‭anatomical‬‭position.‬ ‭3)‬ ‭Describe‬‭the‬‭following‬‭movements‬‭involving‬‭a‬‭joint‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Flexion/Extension‬ ‭Flexion:‬‭Decreasing‬‭the‬‭angle‬‭between‬‭2‬‭bones.‬ ‭Extension:‬‭Increasing‬‭the‬‭angle‬‭between‬‭2‬‭bones.‬ ‭.‬ ‭Abduction/Adduction‬ b ‭Abduction:‬‭Moving‬‭away‬‭from‬‭the‬‭midline.‬ ‭Adduction:‬‭Moving‬‭towards‬‭the‬‭midline.‬ c‭.‬ ‭Internal‬‭Rotation/External‬‭Rotation‬ ‭Internal‬‭Rotation:‬‭Rotating‬‭inwards‬‭towards‬‭the‬‭midline.‬ ‭External‬‭Rotation:‬‭Roating‬‭outwards‬‭away‬‭from‬‭the‬‭midline.‬  ‭.‬ ‭Circumduction‬ d ‭Circumduction:‬‭Circular‬‭motion‬ ‭.‬ ‭Supination/Pronation‬ e ‭Supination:‬‭Medial‬‭rotation‬‭of‬‭the‬‭hand‬‭and‬‭forearm.‬ ‭Pronation:‬‭Lateral‬‭rotation‬‭of‬‭the‬‭hand‬‭and‬‭forearm.‬ f‭.‬ ‭Protraction/Retraction‬ ‭Protraction:‬‭Moving‬‭in‬‭a‬‭forward‬‭(anterior)‬‭position.‬‭(ex:‬‭jaw)‬ ‭Retraction:‬‭Moving‬‭in‬‭a‬‭backward‬‭(posterior)‬‭position.‬ ‭.‬ ‭Dorsiflexion/Plantar‬‭Flexion‬ g ‭Dorsiflexion:‬‭Occurs‬‭when‬‭you‬‭bend‬‭the‬‭ankle‬‭to‬‭bring‬‭the‬‭top‬‭of‬‭your‬‭foot‬‭closer‬ ‭to‬‭your‬‭shin.‬ ‭Plantar‬‭Flexion:‬‭Is‬‭specific‬‭to‬‭the‬‭ankle‬‭joint.‬‭Occurs‬‭when‬‭you‬‭point‬‭your‬‭toes.‬ ‭.‬ ‭Inversion/Eversion‬ h ‭Inversion:‬‭The‬‭medial‬‭border‬‭of‬‭the‬‭foot‬‭is‬‭raised‬‭so‬‭that‬‭the‬‭sole‬‭of‬‭the‬‭foot‬‭is‬ ‭turned‬‭inward.‬ ‭Eversion:‬‭The‬‭lateral‬‭border‬‭of‬‭the‬‭foot‬‭is‬‭raised‬‭so‬‭that‬‭the‬‭sole‬‭of‬‭the‬‭foot‬‭is‬ ‭turned‬‭outward.‬ ‭Skeletal‬‭System‬ ‭ )‬ ‭What‬‭are‬‭the‬‭5‬‭roles‬‭of‬‭the‬‭skeleton?‬ 1 ‭.‬ ‭Protection‬ 1 ‭-‬ ‭Bones‬‭protect‬‭organs‬‭(eg.‬‭rib‬‭cage‬‭protects‬‭heart‬‭and‬‭lungs)‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Framework‬ ‭-‬ ‭Bones‬‭support‬‭tissues‬‭and‬‭provide‬‭a‬‭framework‬‭for‬‭the‬‭body‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Attachments‬‭for‬‭Muscles‬ ‭-‬ ‭Bones‬‭provide‬‭the‬‭levers‬‭on‬‭which‬‭muscles‬‭pull‬‭to‬‭produce‬‭movement‬ ‭4.‬ ‭Storehouse‬‭for‬‭Essential‬‭Nutrients‬ ‭-‬ ‭Bones’‬‭tissues‬‭provide‬‭a‬‭stored‬‭reserve‬‭of‬‭phosphorus‬‭and‬‭calcium‬ ‭which‬‭may‬‭be‬‭drawn‬‭upon‬‭in‬‭time‬‭of‬‭need.‬ ‭5.‬ ‭Blood-cell‬‭formation‬  ‭-‬ ‭Bone‬‭marrow‬‭is‬‭the‬‭site‬‭of‬‭the‬‭production‬‭of‬‭red‬‭blood‬‭cells‬ ‭ )‬ ‭State‬‭the‬‭6‬‭types‬‭of‬‭bone‬‭and‬‭give‬‭an‬‭example‬‭of‬‭each.‬ 2 ‭Long‬‭bones‬‭-‬‭shell‬‭with‬‭cavity‬‭in‬‭the‬‭middle.‬‭(ex:‬‭tibia,‬‭femur,‬‭humerus)‬ ‭Short‬‭bones‬‭-‬‭have‬‭no‬‭marrow‬‭activity.‬‭(ex:‬‭carpals,‬‭tarsals)‬ ‭Flat‬‭bones‬‭-‬‭Flat‬‭&‬‭thin‬‭with‬‭no‬‭marrow‬‭cavity.‬‭(ex:‬ ‭Irregular‬‭bones‬‭-‬‭Odd‬‭looking,‬‭no‬‭marrow‬‭cavity.‬‭(ex:‬‭vertebraes)‬ ‭Sesamoid:‬‭Small,‬‭flat‬‭bones‬‭wrapped‬‭within‬‭tendons‬‭(ex:‬‭patella)‬ ‭Wormian:‬‭Small‬‭jigsaw‬‭fragments‬‭(ex:‬ ‭3)‬ ‭Describe‬‭the‬‭process‬‭of‬‭bone‬‭formation‬‭and‬‭bone‬‭remodelling.‬ ‭4)‬ ‭State‬‭4‬‭Osteoporosis‬‭Risk‬‭Factors‬‭and‬‭the‬‭4‬‭Preventative‬‭measures.‬ ‭Risk‬‭Factors:‬ ‭‬ ‭Lack‬‭of‬‭calcium‬‭and‬‭vitamin‬‭D‬‭in‬‭diet‬ ‭‬ ‭Physical‬‭inactivity‬ ‭‬ ‭Excessive‬‭smoking‬‭or‬‭alcohol‬‭use‬ ‭‬ ‭Being‬‭post‬‭menopausal‬‭or‬‭having‬‭early‬‭menopause‬ ‭Preventative‬‭Measures:‬ ‭‬ ‭A‬‭balanced‬‭diet‬‭rich‬‭in‬‭calcium‬‭and‬‭vitamin‬‭D‬ ‭‬ ‭Weight-bearing‬‭exercise‬ ‭‬ ‭A‬‭healthy‬‭lifestyle‬‭(no‬‭smoking‬‭or‬‭excessive‬‭alcohol)‬ ‭‬ ‭Bone‬‭density‬‭testing‬‭&‬‭medication‬‭when‬‭appropriate‬ ‭5)‬ ‭State‬‭and‬‭describe‬‭the‬‭4‬‭types‬‭of‬‭fractures‬ ‭ tress‬‭fracture:‬‭Muscles‬‭become‬‭fatigued,‬‭absorb‬‭shock‬‭&‬‭transfer‬‭to‬‭bones.‬‭Looks‬ S ‭like‬‭a‬‭tiny‬‭crack‬‭and‬‭is‬‭the‬‭most‬‭difficult‬‭to‬‭detect.‬ ‭Simple‬‭fracture:‬‭No‬‭separation,‬‭a‬‭break‬‭or‬‭crack.‬ ‭Compound‬‭fracture:‬‭Bone‬‭breaks‬‭into‬‭separate‬‭pieces.‬ ‭Comminuted‬‭fracture:‬‭Bone‬‭shatters‬‭into‬‭many‬‭pieces.‬ ‭Muscular‬‭System‬ ‭1)‬ ‭State‬‭and‬‭describe‬‭the‬‭three‬‭types‬‭of‬‭muscle‬‭tissue.‬ ‭ keletal‬‭muscles:‬‭Voluntary,‬‭striated,‬‭and‬‭attached‬‭to‬‭bones‬‭by‬‭tendons‬‭and‬‭other‬ S ‭tissue.‬ ‭Cardiac‬‭muscles:‬‭Involuntary,‬‭striated,‬‭and‬‭found‬‭in‬‭one‬‭place‬‭–‬‭the‬‭heart.‬ ‭Smooth‬‭muscles:‬‭Involuntary,‬‭non-striated,‬‭and‬‭surround‬‭the‬‭body’s‬‭internal‬‭organs.‬ ‭2)‬ ‭State‬‭and‬‭describe‬‭the‬‭three‬‭types‬‭of‬‭muscle‬‭contraction.‬ ‭ oncentric:‬‭Muscle‬‭fibres‬‭shorten‬ C ‭Eccentric:‬‭Muscle‬‭fibres‬‭lengthen.‬ ‭Isometric:‬‭Muscle‬‭fibres‬‭do‬‭not‬‭change‬‭in‬‭length.‬ ‭3)‬ ‭State‬‭and‬‭describe‬‭the‬‭three‬‭types‬‭of‬‭muscle‬‭contraction‬‭during‬‭exercise.‬ ‭Isotonic‬‭exercise:‬‭Controlled‬‭shortening‬‭and‬‭lengthening‬‭of‬‭the‬‭muscle.‬ I‭ sometric‬‭exercise:‬‭No‬‭motion‬‭–‬‭muscle‬‭fibres‬‭maintain‬‭a‬‭constant‬‭length‬‭throughout‬ ‭contraction.‬ I‭ sokinetic‬‭exercise:‬‭Use‬‭machines‬‭to‬‭control‬‭speed‬‭of‬‭contractions.‬‭Combines‬‭best‬ ‭features‬‭of‬‭both‬‭isotonic‬‭and‬‭isometric‬‭training.‬ ‭4)‬ ‭Describe‬‭what‬‭occurs‬‭at‬‭the‬‭Neuromuscular‬‭Junction‬‭to‬‭stimulate‬‭a‬‭muscle‬ ‭contraction.‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Neuromuscular‬‭Junction‬‭:‬‭the‬‭junction‬‭(connection)‬‭between‬‭the‬‭nervous‬‭and‬ ‭muscular‬‭systems‬ ‭2.‬ ‭When‬‭the‬‭electrical‬‭impulse‬‭that‬‭is‬‭travelling‬‭along‬‭the‬‭axon‬‭(a‬‭nerve‬‭fiber)‬‭gets‬ ‭to‬‭the‬‭neuromuscular‬‭junction,‬‭a‬‭chemical‬‭“neurotransmitter”‬‭(‭A ‬ cetylcholine‬‭)‬‭is‬ ‭released‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Acetylcholine‬‭is‬‭detected‬‭by‬‭receptors‬‭on‬‭the‬‭muscle‬‭fibre‬‭and‬‭the‬‭process‬‭of‬ ‭muscle‬‭contraction‬‭(shortening/tightening)‬‭is‬‭initiated.‬ ‭ )‬ ‭Describe‬‭the‬‭role‬‭that‬‭calcium‬‭plays‬‭in‬‭muscle‬‭contractions.‬ 5 ‭6)‬ ‭Describe‬‭the‬‭sliding‬‭filament‬‭theory.‬ ‭1)‬‭ACETYLCHOLINE‬‭transmits‬‭the‬‭message‬‭to‬‭the‬‭muscle‬ ‭2)‬‭CALCIUM‬‭gets‬‭released‬ ‭3)‬‭Calcium‬‭attaches‬‭to‬‭TROPONIN‬ ‭4)‬‭Troponin‬‭moves‬‭TROPOMYOSIN‬ ‭5)‬‭MYOSIN‬‭attaches‬‭to‬‭ACTIN‬‭and‬‭it‬‭rotates,‬‭detaches,‬‭and‬‭attaches‬‭again.‬ ‭Joint‬‭Mechanics‬‭and‬‭Joint‬‭Injuries‬ ‭ )‬ ‭State‬‭and‬‭describe‬‭the‬‭three‬‭different‬‭types‬‭of‬‭joints‬ 1 ‭1.‬ ‭Fibrous‬‭Joints‬‭–‬‭the‬‭bones‬‭fit‬‭tightly‬‭together,‬‭bound‬‭together‬‭by‬ ‭more‬‭or‬‭less‬‭inextensible‬‭connective‬‭tissue‬‭and‬ ‭permit‬‭little‬‭or‬‭no‬‭movement.‬ ‭e.g.)‬‭sutures‬‭of‬‭the‬‭skull‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Cartilagenous‬‭Joints‬‭–‬ ‭bones‬‭are‬‭separated‬‭by‬‭cartilage.‬‭Permit‬‭slight‬ ‭movement‬‭e.g.)‬‭intervertebral‬‭disks‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Synovial‬‭Joints‬‭–‬‭freely‬‭movable.‬ ‭There‬‭are‬‭6‬‭types:‬ -‭ ‬ ‭ inge‬ H ‭-‬ ‭Ellipsoid‬ ‭-‬ ‭Ball‬‭&‬‭socket‬ ‭-‬ ‭Gliding‬‭(sliding)‬ ‭-‬ ‭Pivot‬ ‭-‬ ‭Saddle‬ ‭2)‬ ‭State‬‭and‬‭give‬‭an‬‭example‬‭for‬‭the‬‭6‬‭types‬‭of‬‭synovial‬‭joints‬ ‭ inge‬‭joint‬‭–‬‭bones‬‭fit‬‭together‬‭like‬‭2‬‭parts‬‭of‬‭a‬‭hinge.‬ ‭A‬‭convex‬‭portion‬‭of‬‭one‬‭bone‬ H ‭fits‬‭into‬‭a‬‭concave‬‭portion‬‭of‬‭another.‬ ‭Typically‬‭have‬‭collateral‬‭ligaments‬‭supporting‬ ‭either‬‭side‬‭of‬‭the‬‭joint.‬ ‭Allow‬‭movement‬‭in‬‭ONE‬‭plane.‬ ‭Example:‬‭Elbow‬ ‭ llipsoid‬‭joint‬‭–‬‭an‬‭oval‬‭biconvex‬‭surface‬‭fits‬‭into‬‭a‬‭biconcave‬‭surface.‬ ‭Allow‬ E ‭movement‬‭in‬‭TWO‬‭planes.‬ ‭Example:‬‭Wrist‬ ‭ all‬‭and‬‭socket‬‭joint‬‭–‬‭a‬‭ball‬‭shaped‬‭end‬‭of‬‭one‬‭bone‬‭fits‬‭into‬‭a‬‭socket‬‭of‬‭a‬‭second‬ B ‭bone.‬ ‭It‬‭allows‬‭movement‬‭around‬‭the‬‭three‬‭axes.‬ ‭Examples:‬‭Shoulder,‬‭hip‬ ‭ liding‬‭(sliding)‬‭joint‬‭–‬‭articulating‬‭surface‬‭are‬‭more‬‭or‬‭less‬‭flat‬‭&‬‭permit‬‭sliding‬ G ‭movement‬‭in‬‭2‬‭planes.‬ ‭Examples:‬‭Between‬‭your‬‭carpals/tarsals‬ ‭ ivot‬‭joint‬‭–‬‭one‬‭bone‬‭pivots‬‭on‬‭another‬‭allowing‬‭rotation‬‭in‬‭one‬‭plane.‬ ‭A‬‭rounded‬ P ‭portion‬‭of‬‭one‬‭bone‬‭fits‬‭into‬‭a‬‭groove‬‭of‬‭another.‬ ‭Example:‬‭Between‬‭your‬‭Atlas‬‭and‬‭axis‬ ‭ addle‬‭joint‬‭–‬‭Allows‬‭movement‬‭in‬‭two‬‭planes‬‭(flexion/extension‬‭and‬ S ‭abduction/adduction),‬‭but‬‭does‬‭not‬‭allow‬‭for‬‭rotation.‬ ‭Example:‬‭Thumb‬‭(carpo-metacarpal‬‭joint)‬ ‭3)‬ ‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭difference‬‭between‬‭a‬‭strain‬‭and‬‭a‬‭sprain?‬ ‭The‬‭Cardiovascular‬‭and‬‭Respiratory‬‭Systems‬ ‭ )‬ ‭Explain‬‭the‬‭roles‬‭of‬‭arteries,‬‭arterioles,‬‭capillaries,‬‭and‬‭veins.‬ 1 ‭They‬‭are‬‭a‬‭network‬‭of‬‭vessels,‬‭divided‬‭into‬‭4‬‭categories.‬ ‭.‬ 1 ‭ rteries‬‭:‬‭carry‬‭blood‬‭away‬‭from‬‭the‬‭heart‬‭to‬‭different‬‭organs‬ A ‭2.‬ ‭Arterioles:‬‭regulate‬‭blood‬‭distribution‬‭to‬‭various‬‭tissues‬‭of‬‭the‬‭body‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Capillaries‬‭:‬‭responsible‬‭for‬‭the‬‭exchange‬‭of‬‭gases‬‭and‬‭nutrients‬‭with‬‭the‬‭tissues‬ ‭4.‬ ‭Veins‬‭(venules):‬‭return‬‭blood‬‭to‬‭the‬‭heart‬ ‭2)‬ S ‭ tate‬‭and‬‭explain‬‭the‬‭three‬‭main‬‭ways‬‭that‬‭blood‬‭gets‬‭returned‬‭to‬‭the‬‭heart‬‭from‬ ‭the‬‭veins.‬ ‭1.‬‭The‬‭skeletal‬‭muscle‬‭pump‬‭:‬ ‭ pon‬‭contraction‬‭of‬‭skeletal‬‭muscle,‬‭blood‬‭is‬‭pushed/massaged‬‭back‬‭to‬‭the‬‭heart.‬ U ‭2.‬‭The‬‭thoracic‬‭pump‬‭:‬ ‭Pressure‬‭in‬‭veins‬‭(in‬‭the‬‭chest)‬‭decrease‬‭while‬‭pressure‬‭in‬‭veins‬‭(in‬‭the‬‭abdominal‬ ‭cavity)‬‭increase‬‭upon‬‭intake‬‭of‬‭breath‬ ‭Difference‬‭in‬‭pressure‬‭pushes‬‭blood‬‭from‬‭veins‬‭in‬‭the‬‭abdominal‬‭cavity‬‭into‬‭veins‬‭in‬‭the‬ ‭thoracic‬‭cavity‬ ‭3.‬‭The‬‭nervous‬‭system‬‭:‬ ‭Sends‬‭a‬‭signal‬‭to‬‭veins.‬‭Veins‬‭constrict‬‭allowing‬‭more‬‭blood‬‭back‬‭to‬‭the‬‭heart.‬ ‭ )‬ ‭Explain‬‭the‬‭heart’s‬‭electrical‬‭conduction‬‭system.‬ 3 ‭The‬‭heart’s‬‭electrical‬‭conduction‬‭system‬‭controls‬‭the‬‭rhythm‬‭of‬‭your‬‭heartbeat‬‭by‬ ‭sending‬‭electrical‬‭signals‬‭through‬‭the‬‭heart‬‭in‬‭a‬‭specific‬‭order.‬‭It‬‭starts‬‭at‬‭the‬ ‭ inoatrial‬‭(SA)‬‭node‬‭(the‬‭heart's‬‭natural‬‭pacemaker)‬‭in‬‭the‬‭right‬‭atrium,‬‭causing‬‭both‬ s ‭atria‬‭to‬‭contract.‬ ‭4)‬ ‭Define‬‭the‬‭terms‬‭depolarization,‬‭repolarization,‬‭diastole,‬‭and‬‭systole.‬ ‭Electrical‬‭activity‬‭of‬‭the‬‭heart‬‭is‬‭measured‬‭using‬‭an‬‭ECG.‬‭These‬‭events‬‭can‬‭be‬‭seen‬‭on‬ ‭ECG‬‭and‬‭occur‬‭with‬‭each‬‭contraction‬‭of‬‭the‬‭heart.‬ ‭ epolarization‬‭:‬‭Heart‬‭cells‬‭are‬‭becoming‬‭‘activated’‬‭by‬‭an‬‭electrical‬‭signal,‬‭which‬ D ‭causes‬‭them‬‭to‬‭contract.‬ ‭Repolarization‬‭:‬‭resetting‬‭itself‬‭and‬‭readying‬‭for‬‭another‬‭contraction‬ ‭Diastole‬‭:‬‭Heart‬‭is‬‭relaxed.‬ ‭Systole‬‭:‬‭Heart‬‭is‬‭contracting.‬ ‭ )‬ ‭Describe‬‭what‬‭is‬‭occurring‬‭during‬‭the‬‭P‬‭wave,‬‭QRS‬‭complex,‬‭and‬‭T‬‭wave.‬ 5 ‭Each‬‭wave‬‭generated‬‭during‬‭contraction‬‭is‬‭named:‬ ‭P‬‭wave:‬‭represents‬‭depolarization‬‭through‬‭the‬‭atria‬‭(upper‬‭chambers)‬ ‭QRS‬‭complex‬‭:‬‭represents‬‭depolarization‬‭of‬‭the‬‭ventricle‬‭(lower‬‭chambers)‬ ‭T‬‭wave‬‭:‬‭represents‬‭repolarization‬‭of‬‭the‬‭ventricles‬‭(relaxing/readying‬‭for‬‭another‬ ‭contraction)‬ ‭6)‬ ‭Define‬‭and‬‭state‬‭the‬‭equation‬‭for‬‭cardiac‬‭output.‬ ‭Cardiac‬‭output‬‭(Q)‬‭:‬‭The‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭blood‬‭that‬‭is‬‭pumped‬‭out‬‭of‬‭the‬‭left‬‭ventricle‬‭in‬‭1‬ ‭minute.‬ ‭Equation:‬‭SV‬‭(ml)‬‭x‬‭HR‬‭(beats/min)‬ ‭HR‬‭=‬‭Heart‬‭Rate:‬‭The‬‭number‬‭of‬‭times‬‭the‬‭heart‬‭contracts‬‭in‬‭a‬‭minute‬‭.‬ ‭7)‬ ‭Define‬‭stroke‬‭volume.‬ ‭Stroke‬‭Volume‬‭(SV):‬‭The‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭blood‬‭ejected‬‭from‬‭the‬‭left‬‭ventricle‬‭in‬‭a‬‭single‬ ‭beat.‬ ‭8)‬ ‭Describe‬‭the‬‭pathway‬‭that‬‭oxygen‬‭takes‬‭starting‬‭with‬‭when‬‭it‬‭enters‬‭the‬‭nasal‬ ‭cavity‬‭and‬‭ending‬‭when‬‭it‬‭enters‬‭a‬‭tissue‬‭cell.‬ ‭9)‬ ‭Describe‬‭the‬‭pathway‬‭that‬‭carbon‬‭dioxide‬‭takes‬‭starting‬‭with‬‭when‬‭it‬‭leaves‬‭a‬ ‭tissue‬‭cell‬‭and‬‭ending‬‭with‬‭when‬‭it‬‭exits‬‭the‬‭body‬‭through‬‭the‬‭mouth.‬ ‭Energy‬‭Systems‬  ‭1)‬ ‭Fill‬‭in‬‭the‬‭following‬‭table.‬ ‭Anaerobic‬‭Alactic‬ ‭Anaerobic‬‭Lactic‬ ‭Aerobic‬ ‭Other‬‭Name‬ ‭ATP‬‭-‬‭PC‬ ‭ naerobic‬ A ‭ ellular‬ C ‭Glycolysis‬ ‭Respiration‬ ‭Duration‬ ‭0-20‬‭seconds‬ ‭ 0‬‭seconds‬‭-‬‭2‬ 3 3 ‭ ‬‭minutes‬‭-‬ ‭minutes‬ ‭hours‬ ‭ nergy‬‭Source‬ E ‭(Fuel)‬ ‭ATP‬‭-‬‭PC‬ ‭-‬‭Glycogen‬ ‭-‬‭Glycogen‬ ‭-‬‭Glucose‬ ‭-‬‭Glucose‬ ‭-‬‭Triglycerides‬ ‭-‬‭Fatty‬‭acids‬ ‭By‬‭Products‬ ‭Heat‬ ‭Heat‬ ‭Heat‬ ‭Cr‬ ‭Lactic‬‭acid‬ ‭C0‬‭2‬ ‭H‬‭2‭0 ‬ ‬ ‭ uscle‬‭Fibre‬‭Type‬ M ‭IIB‬ ‭IIA‬ ‭I‬ ‭Recruited‬‭(fast‬‭or‬ ‭slow)‬ ‭2)‬ ‭Explain‬‭the‬‭three‬‭sub-pathways‬‭of‬‭cellular‬‭respiration.‬ ‭How‬‭many‬‭ATP‬‭molecules‬ ‭are‬‭produced‬‭from‬‭each‬‭sub-pathway?‬ ‭ ellular‬‭respiration‬‭is‬‭the‬‭process‬‭by‬‭which‬‭cells‬‭break‬‭down‬‭glucose‬‭to‬‭produce‬‭energy‬ C ‭in‬‭the‬‭form‬‭of‬‭ATP‬‭(adenosine‬‭triphosphate).‬‭There‬‭are‬‭3‬‭sub-pathways‬‭(or‬‭steps)‬‭of‬ ‭cellular‬‭respiration.‬ ‭1.‬‭Glycolysis‬‭(Happens‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Cytoplasm)‬ ‭‬ W ‭ hat‬‭happens:‬‭Glycolysis‬‭breaks‬‭down‬‭one‬‭glucose‬‭molecule‬‭(which‬‭is‬‭a‬ ‭sugar)‬‭into‬‭two‬‭smaller‬‭molecules‬‭called‬‭pyruvate‬‭.‬ ‭‬ ‭ATP‬‭produced:‬‭2‬‭ATP‬‭molecules‬‭are‬‭made‬‭here.‬ ‭‬ ‭Other‬‭products:‬‭2‬‭NADH‬‭molecules‬‭(which‬‭will‬‭help‬‭make‬‭more‬‭ATP‬‭later)‬‭and‬ ‭2‬‭pyruvate‬‭molecules.‬ ‭2.‬‭Krebs‬‭Cycle‬‭(Happens‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Mitochondria)‬  ‭‬ W ‭ hat‬‭happens:‬‭Each‬‭pyruvate‬‭from‬‭glycolysis‬‭is‬‭broken‬‭down‬‭even‬‭more‬‭inside‬ ‭the‬‭mitochondria‬‭(the‬‭powerhouses‬‭of‬‭the‬‭cell).‬‭This‬‭process‬‭produces‬‭carbon‬ ‭dioxide‬‭(what‬‭we‬‭breathe‬‭out)‬‭and‬‭more‬‭high-energy‬‭molecules.‬ ‭‬ ‭ATP‬‭produced:‬‭2‬‭ATP‬‭molecules‬‭(per‬‭glucose‬‭molecule,‬‭because‬‭we‬‭had‬‭2‬ ‭pyruvate‬‭molecules).‬ ‭‬ ‭Other‬‭products:‬‭6‬‭NADH‬‭,‬‭2‬‭FADH2‬‭(both‬‭of‬‭these‬‭carry‬‭energy),‬‭and‬‭4‬‭CO2‬ ‭(waste‬‭product).‬ ‭3.‬‭Electron‬‭Transport‬‭Chain‬‭(ETC)‬‭(Happens‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Mitochondria)‬ ‭‬ W ‭ hat‬‭happens:‬‭The‬‭NADH‬‭and‬‭FADH2‬‭from‬‭earlier‬‭steps‬‭are‬‭used‬‭to‬‭create‬‭a‬ ‭flow‬‭of‬‭energy‬‭that‬‭powers‬‭the‬‭production‬‭of‬‭more‬‭ATP‬‭.‬‭This‬‭process‬‭happens‬ ‭in‬‭the‬‭inner‬‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭mitochondria.‬ ‭‬ ‭ATP‬‭produced:‬‭28-32‬‭ATP‬‭molecules‬‭are‬‭made‬‭here‬‭(this‬‭is‬‭the‬‭most‬‭ATP‬‭made‬ ‭in‬‭the‬‭whole‬‭process).‬ ‭‬ ‭Other‬‭products:‬‭Water‬‭is‬‭produced‬‭as‬‭a‬‭byproduct‬‭(when‬‭oxygen‬‭combines‬ ‭with‬‭electrons‬‭and‬‭hydrogen)‬ ‭ )‬ ‭Explain‬‭the‬‭difference‬‭between‬‭slow‬‭and‬‭fast‬‭twitch‬‭muscle‬‭fibers.‬ 3 ‭Slow-twitch‬‭fibers‬‭are‬‭built‬‭for‬‭endurance‬‭and‬‭can‬‭keep‬‭going‬‭for‬‭a‬‭long‬‭time‬‭with‬ ‭less‬‭force.‬ ‭Best‬‭for‬‭:‬‭Activities‬‭like‬‭long-distance‬‭running‬‭,‬‭swimming‬‭,‬‭and‬‭cycling‬‭(things‬‭you‬ ‭do‬‭for‬‭a‬‭long‬‭time).‬ ‭Color‬‭:‬‭They‬‭are‬‭red‬‭or‬‭dark‬‭because‬‭they‬‭have‬‭a‬‭lot‬‭of‬‭myoglobin‬‭(a‬‭protein‬‭that‬ ‭helps‬‭store‬‭oxygen‬‭in‬‭muscles).‬ ‭How‬‭they‬‭work‬‭:‬‭These‬‭fibers‬‭contract‬‭(tighten)‬‭and‬‭relax‬‭slowly‬‭,‬‭but‬‭they‬‭can‬‭keep‬ ‭working‬‭for‬‭a‬‭long‬‭time‬‭without‬‭getting‬‭tired.‬ ‭Energy‬‭:‬‭They‬‭have‬‭low‬‭levels‬‭of‬‭certain‬‭enzymes‬‭(things‬‭that‬‭help‬‭muscles‬‭move),‬ ‭but‬‭they‬‭are‬‭good‬‭at‬‭using‬‭oxygen‬‭to‬‭get‬‭energy‬‭for‬‭long‬‭periods.‬ ‭ ast-twitch‬‭fibers‬‭are‬‭built‬‭for‬‭short‬‭bursts‬‭of‬‭strength‬‭and‬‭power‬‭but‬‭tire‬‭out‬‭quickly.‬ F ‭Best‬‭for‬‭:‬‭Activities‬‭like‬‭short‬‭sprints‬‭,‬‭powerlifting‬‭,‬‭and‬‭explosive‬‭jumps‬‭(things‬ ‭you‬‭do‬‭quickly‬‭and‬‭with‬‭a‬‭lot‬‭of‬‭power).‬ ‭Color‬‭:‬‭They‬‭are‬‭pale‬‭or‬‭white‬‭because‬‭they‬‭don’t‬‭have‬‭as‬‭much‬‭myoglobin‬‭(so‬‭they‬ ‭don’t‬‭store‬‭as‬‭much‬‭oxygen).‬ ‭How‬‭they‬‭work‬‭:‬‭These‬‭fibers‬‭contract‬‭quickly‬‭,‬‭but‬‭they‬‭get‬‭tired‬‭faster.‬‭They‬ ‭generate‬‭lots‬‭of‬‭force‬‭for‬‭short‬‭bursts.‬ ‭ nergy‬‭:‬‭They‬‭have‬‭high‬‭levels‬‭of‬‭enzymes‬‭that‬‭help‬‭them‬‭produce‬‭energy‬‭quickly,‬ E ‭but‬‭they‬‭don’t‬‭last‬‭as‬‭long.‬ ‭Nutrition‬ ‭ )‬ ‭What‬‭are‬‭the‬‭3‬‭macronutrients‬‭and‬‭2‬‭micronutrients?‬ 1 ‭3‬‭macronutrients:‬‭Carbohydrates,‬‭proteins,‬‭fats‬ ‭2‬‭micronutrients:‬‭vitamins,‬‭minerals‬ ‭2)‬ ‭What‬‭does‬‭RMR‬‭calculate?‬ ‭RMR‬‭stands‬‭for‬‭resting‬‭metabolic‬‭rate.‬‭It‬‭calculates‬‭the‬‭number‬‭of‬‭calories‬‭your‬‭body‬ ‭needs/burns‬‭to‬‭perform‬‭it’s‬‭basic‬‭functions‬‭such‬‭as‬‭breathing‬‭and‬‭circulating‬‭blood,‬ ‭while‬‭doing‬‭absoloutly‬‭nothing.‬ ‭3)‬ ‭How‬‭can‬‭you‬‭calculate‬‭BMI?‬ ‭Name‬‭one‬‭major‬‭limitation‬‭of‬‭BMI‬‭as‬‭an‬‭obesity‬ ‭indicator.‬ ‭BMI‬‭(body‬‭mass‬‭index)‬‭can‬‭be‬‭calculated‬‭by‬‭doing‬‭weight‬ ‭—--------‬ ‭height‬‭2‬ ‭One‬‭limitation‬‭of‬‭BMI‬‭as‬‭an‬‭obesity‬‭indicator‬‭is‬‭that‬‭it‬‭does‬‭not‬‭distinguish‬‭between‬‭fat‬ ‭mass‬‭and‬‭muscle‬‭mass.‬‭For‬‭example,‬‭someone‬‭with‬‭a‬‭lot‬‭of‬‭muscle‬‭(like‬‭an‬‭athlete)‬ ‭might‬‭have‬‭a‬‭high‬‭BMI‬‭but‬‭not‬‭have‬‭excess‬‭body‬‭fat.‬‭This‬‭may‬‭make‬‭the‬‭person‬‭look‬ ‭obese‬‭accoring‬‭to‬‭their‬‭BMI,‬‭even‬‭when‬‭they‬‭actually‬‭have‬‭a‬‭healthy‬‭body‬‭composition.‬ ‭Biomechanics‬ ‭1)‬ ‭Describe‬‭the‬‭difference‬‭between:‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Static‬‭and‬‭dynamic‬ ‭Static:‬‭Branch‬‭of‬‭mechanics‬‭dealing‬‭with‬‭systems‬‭that‬‭are‬‭not‬‭moving‬‭or‬‭are‬‭in‬‭a‬ ‭constant‬‭state‬‭of‬‭motion‬‭(ex.‬‭balancing)‬ ‭Dynamic:‬‭Branch‬‭of‬‭mechanics‬‭dealing‬‭with‬‭systems‬‭subject‬‭to‬‭acceleration‬‭(speeding‬ ‭up‬‭or‬‭slowing‬‭down).‬‭(ex:‬‭someone‬‭running)‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Kinematics‬‭and‬‭Kinetics‬ ‭Kinematics:‬‭Study‬‭of‬‭the‬‭description‬‭of‬‭motion,‬‭including‬‭considerations‬‭of‬‭space‬‭&‬ ‭time.‬‭Studies‬‭how‬‭things‬‭move/their‬‭path‬‭of‬‭movement.‬‭(ex:‬‭When‬‭you‬‭throw‬‭a‬ ‭baseball,‬‭kinematics‬‭would‬‭look‬‭at‬‭how‬‭fast‬‭the‬‭ball‬‭is‬‭thrown,‬‭its‬‭speed,‬‭the‬‭angle‬‭at‬ ‭which‬‭it‬‭leaves‬‭your‬‭hand,‬‭and‬‭how‬‭it‬‭travels‬‭through‬‭the‬‭air).‬ ‭ inetics:‬‭Study‬‭of‬‭the‬‭forces‬‭that‬‭cause‬‭a‬‭system‬‭to‬‭move.‬‭Studies‬‭why‬‭things‬‭move‬ K ‭the‬‭way‬‭they‬‭do.‬‭(ex:‬‭When‬‭you‬‭throw‬‭that‬‭baseball,‬‭kinetics‬‭would‬‭focus‬‭on‬‭the‬‭force‬ ‭you‬‭use‬‭to‬‭throw‬‭it,‬‭how‬‭gravity‬‭pulls‬‭the‬‭ball‬‭down,‬‭and‬‭the‬‭resistance‬‭(air‬‭friction)‬‭that‬ ‭slows‬‭it‬‭down.)‬ ‭c.‬ ‭Quantitative‬‭Approach‬‭and‬‭Qualitative‬‭Approach‬ ‭Quantitative‬‭approach:‬‭describing‬‭a‬‭movement‬‭or‬‭its‬‭parts‬‭in‬‭numerical‬‭terms,‬ ‭mainly‬‭uses‬‭instrumentation.‬ ‭Qualitative‬‭approach:‬‭Describes‬‭movements‬‭in‬‭non-numerical‬‭terms.‬ ‭d.‬ ‭Scalar‬‭and‬‭Vector‬ ‭ )‬ ‭Describe‬‭Newton’s‬‭Three‬‭Laws‬‭of‬‭Motion‬ 2 ‭1.‬‭Law‬‭of‬‭inertia‬ ‭Every‬‭object‬‭will‬‭remain‬‭in‬‭a‬‭state‬‭of‬‭constant‬‭motion‬‭unless‬‭acted‬‭on‬‭by‬‭another‬‭force.‬ ‭(ex.‬‭Without‬‭the‬‭restraining‬‭force‬‭of‬‭a‬‭seatbelt,‬‭the‬‭inertia‬‭of‬‭a‬‭person‬‭in‬‭a‬‭car‬‭accident‬ ‭would‬‭send‬‭them‬‭through‬‭the‬‭windshield)‬ ‭.‬‭Law‬‭of‬‭acceleration‬ 2 ‭Acceleration‬‭of‬‭an‬‭object‬‭depends‬‭on‬‭2‬‭things,‬‭force‬‭and‬‭mass‬‭(F‬‭=‬‭ma).‬ ‭If‬‭you‬‭apply‬‭a‬‭bigger‬‭force‬‭,‬‭the‬‭object‬‭will‬‭accelerate‬‭more‬‭(speed‬‭up‬‭or‬‭change‬ ‭direction).‬ ‭If‬‭the‬‭object‬‭has‬‭a‬‭greater‬‭mass‬‭,‬‭it‬‭will‬‭accelerate‬‭less‬‭for‬‭the‬‭same‬‭amount‬‭of‬ ‭force.‬‭This‬‭means‬‭heavier‬‭objects‬‭are‬‭harder‬‭to‬‭move.‬ ‭ex:‬‭If‬‭you‬‭push‬‭a‬‭light‬‭shopping‬‭cart‬‭(small‬‭mass)‬‭with‬‭the‬‭same‬‭force‬‭as‬‭a‬‭heavy‬ ‭car‬‭(large‬‭mass),‬‭the‬‭shopping‬‭cart‬‭will‬‭accelerate‬‭more‬‭(speed‬‭up‬‭faster)‬‭because‬‭it‬ ‭has‬‭less‬‭mass.‬‭The‬‭car‬‭will‬‭take‬‭much‬‭longer‬‭to‬‭speed‬‭up‬‭because‬‭of‬‭its‬‭heavier‬‭mass.‬ ‭.‬‭Law‬‭of‬‭reaction‬ 3 ‭For‬‭every‬‭action‬‭there‬‭is‬‭an‬‭equal‬‭and‬‭opposite‬‭reaction.‬ ‭(ex.‬‭sprint‬‭start.‬‭The‬‭downward‬‭and‬‭slightly‬‭backward‬‭force‬‭created‬‭by‬‭the‬‭sprinter‬‭on‬ ‭the‬‭starting‬‭block‬‭equals‬‭an‬‭upward‬‭and‬‭forward‬‭force‬‭out‬‭of‬‭the‬‭starting‬‭block).‬ ‭3)‬ ‭Describe‬‭the‬‭7‬‭principles‬‭of‬‭biomechanics.‬ ‭Motor‬‭Learning‬ ‭ )‬ ‭Describe‬‭Fitts‬‭and‬‭Posner’s‬‭three‬‭stages‬‭in‬‭their‬‭stages‬‭of‬‭learning‬‭model.‬ 1 ‭2)‬ ‭State‬‭and‬‭explain‬‭the‬‭5‬‭phases‬‭of‬‭a‬‭skill.‬ ‭Human‬‭Growth‬‭and‬‭Development‬ ‭ )‬ ‭State‬‭and‬‭describe‬‭the‬‭three‬‭types‬‭of‬‭human‬‭morphology‬‭(body‬‭types).‬ 1 ‭Ectomorph‬‭-‬‭Late‬‭to‬‭reach‬‭maturity,‬‭thinner‬‭body,‬‭narrow‬‭hips/longer‬‭arms‬‭and‬‭legs.‬ ‭Mesomorph‬‭-‬‭Mature‬‭early,‬‭stocky/heavy‬‭muscled,‬‭broader‬‭bodies‬ ‭Endomorph‬‭-‬‭More‬‭fatty‬‭tissue,‬‭thicker‬‭body‬‭parts‬ ‭2)‬ ‭State‬‭the‬‭4‬‭stages‬‭of‬‭human‬‭growth‬‭and‬‭development‬‭and‬‭provide‬‭2‬ ‭distinguishing‬‭characteristics‬‭for‬‭each.‬ ‭1.‬‭Infancy/toddler‬‭(0‬‭-‬‭2‬‭or‬‭3‬‭years)‬ ‭-‬‭Considerable‬‭muscular‬‭development‬ ‭-‬‭Body‬‭length‬‭increases‬‭by‬‭50%‬ ‭2.‬‭Childhood‬‭(4-10‬‭years)‬ ‭-‬‭Establish‬‭base‬‭of‬‭motor‬‭skills‬ ‭-‬‭Bone‬‭and‬‭tissue‬‭growth‬‭occurs‬ ‭3.‬‭Puberty/Adolescence‬‭(11-18‬‭years)‬ ‭-‬‭Sexual‬‭maturity‬ ‭-‬‭Changes‬‭in‬‭physical‬‭appearance‬‭(breasts,‬‭menustration,‬‭deeping‬‭voice,‬‭facial‬‭hair‬‭etc.)‬ ‭4.‬‭Adulthood‬‭(18‬‭years‬‭and‬‭older)‬ ‭-‬‭Weight‬‭gain‬ ‭-‬‭Rise‬‭in‬‭blood‬‭pressure‬ ‭3)‬ ‭Describe‬‭Piaget’s‬‭four‬‭stages‬‭of‬‭cognitive‬‭development.‬ ‭Stage‬‭1‬‭-‬‭Sensorimotor‬‭(birth‬‭-‬‭2‬‭years)‬ ‭Demonstrates‬‭intelligence‬‭through‬‭motor‬‭activity‬‭without‬‭use‬‭of‬‭symbols,‬‭knowledge‬ ‭based‬‭on‬‭immediate‬‭experience,‬‭ability‬‭to‬‭use‬‭memory‬‭to‬‭recall‬‭objects/events.‬ ‭Stage‬‭2‬‭-‬‭Pre-operational‬‭(2‬‭-‬‭7‬‭years)‬ ‭Deomnstrates‬‭intelligence‬‭through‬‭use‬‭of‬‭symbols,‬‭language‬‭development,‬‭growth‬‭in‬ ‭memory‬‭and‬‭imagination.‬ ‭Stage‬‭3‬‭-‬‭Concrete-operational‬‭(7‬‭-‬‭11‬‭years)‬ ‭Logical‬‭thinking‬‭develops,‬‭ability‬‭to‬‭solve‬‭problems‬‭logically,‬‭reversibility‬‭thinking,‬ ‭develops‬‭empathy.‬ ‭Stage‬‭4‬‭-‬‭Formal-operational‬‭(11‬‭-‬‭15‬‭years)‬ ‭Ability‬‭to‬‭solve‬‭abstract‬‭problems‬‭using‬‭logic,‬‭return‬‭to‬‭egocentric‬‭thinking,‬‭begin‬‭to‬ ‭think‬‭about‬‭social‬‭issues/identity/appearance.‬ ‭Psychology‬‭of‬‭Sport‬ ‭1)‬ ‭Describe‬‭the‬‭difference‬‭between‬‭intrinsic‬‭and‬‭extrinsic‬‭motivation.‬ I‭ ntrinsic‬‭motivation‬‭comes‬‭from‬‭within‬‭a‬‭person,‬‭driven‬‭by‬‭an‬‭inherent‬‭tendency‬‭to‬ ‭learn,‬‭accomplish‬‭things,‬‭and/or‬‭experience‬‭sensations.‬‭It‬‭requires‬‭feelings‬‭of‬ ‭competency‬‭and‬‭a‬‭sense‬‭of‬‭autonomy‬‭to‬‭stay‬‭intrinsically‬‭motivated.‬ ‭Extrinsic‬‭motivation‬‭is‬‭driven‬‭by‬‭external‬‭factors,‬‭like‬‭rewards‬‭or‬‭recognition‬‭from‬ ‭others.‬ ‭2)‬ ‭How‬‭do‬‭rewards‬‭affect‬‭intrinsic‬‭motivation?‬ ‭Rewards‬‭(both‬‭the‬‭informational‬‭and‬‭controlling‬‭aspect‬‭of‬‭them)‬‭can‬‭increase‬‭or‬ ‭decrease‬‭intrinsic‬‭motivation,‬‭depending‬‭on‬‭how‬‭the‬‭individual‬‭evaluates‬‭them.‬ ‭3)‬ ‭Describe‬‭the‬‭sources‬‭that‬‭lead‬‭to‬‭self‬‭efficacy‬‭and‬‭the‬‭outcomes‬‭that‬‭result.‬ ‭What‬‭are‬‭the‬‭two‬‭moderating‬‭variables?‬ ‭Self-efficacy‬‭is‬‭a‬‭person's‬‭belief‬‭in‬‭their‬‭ability‬‭to‬‭complete‬‭a‬‭task‬‭or‬‭achieve‬‭a‬‭goal.‬ ‭Sources‬‭that‬‭lead‬‭to‬‭self-efficacy:‬ ‭Performance‬‭experiences:‬ ‭Vicarious‬‭experiences:‬ ‭Imaginal‬‭experiences:‬ ‭Verbal‬‭Persuasion:‬ ‭Physiological‬‭states:‬ ‭Emotional‬‭states:‬ ‭Moderating‬‭variables:‬ ‭1.‬‭Expectancies:‬‭the‬‭likely‬‭consequences‬‭of‬‭performing/exercising‬‭(can‬‭be‬‭positive‬‭or‬ ‭negative).‬ ‭2.‬‭Value:‬‭the‬‭importance‬‭of‬‭these‬‭consequences‬‭for‬‭a‬‭person.‬ ‭4)‬ ‭State‬‭and‬‭explain‬‭the‬‭two‬‭types‬‭of‬‭achievement‬‭goal‬‭orientation.‬