BPK 142 - Introduction to Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology Lecture Notes PDF

1 Instructor: Ryan Dill Office Hours: Tues 11:00-11:45 - L 8002 or 142 Lab Email: [email protected] Lecture notes: Use Course Schedule on Canvas to manage course and prepare for lab and lecture http://www.sfu.ca/canvas.html All Labs are in K 8640 – you must attend your scheduled lab time Lia...

1 Instructor: Ryan Dill Office Hours: Tues 11:00-11:45 - L 8002 or 142 Lab Email: [email protected] Lecture notes: Use Course Schedule on Canvas to manage course and prepare for lab and lecture http://www.sfu.ca/canvas.html All Labs are in K 8640 – you must attend your scheduled lab time Liane Jean- Tuesdays 1:30, 3:30 (D113,D114) Freddie Kim - Wednesdays 8:30, 10:30, 1:30, 3:30 (D101–D104) Farshid Sadeghian - Thursdays 8:30, 10:30, 1:30, 3:30 (D105 – D108) Polly Jean - Fridays 8:30, 10:30, 1:30, 3:30 (D109 – D112) TAs: contact TA through CANVAS - TA office hours will be posted in lab 2 REQUIRED LABORATORY MANUAL: RC Asmundson, J Carter, M Walsh and R Ward BPK 142 – Introduction to Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology Laboratory Manual. 13th Edition. Simon Fraser University. - The laboratory manual is essential and can be downloaded for FREE from the CANVAS site - Hard Copies of the manual will be available to use while you are in the lab. REFERENCE TEXTBOOK: Anatomy and Physiology 2nd edition from OpenStax - Free to download or view online – see CANVAS Syllabus for link 3  Introduction The objective of BPK 142 is to introduce a variety of topics found in the realm of Kinesiology. Theoretical concepts and current laboratory techniques will be discussed. The course consists of one two hour lecture, plus a two hour laboratory session per week. Laboratory equipment is limited, thus students MUST attend the lab session for which they have registered. Lab sessions start this week! 4  GRADING: In lecture participation (i-clicker) 5% 9 Pre-lab quizzes 5% Lab Experiment Submissions 15 % Midterm Lecture Exam (Week 7) 15 % Midterm Lab Exam (Week 7) 13 % Final Lab Exam (Week 13 and exam period) 22 % Final Lecture Exam (Exam period) 25 % 5 6  How to do well in BPK 142 For a three-unit course you should expect to devote 3 to 6 hours per week outside of class reviewing course materials. It is extremely important to completely focus on your studies during the time you are devoted to it. – Reduce outside distractions (music, television, social media) to facilitate your focus. Work diligently for short periods of time (20-40 min) and take short breaks (5 min) – During breaks move around, check email and then refocus on your studies for another short period (20-40 min). 7  How to do well in BPK 142 Use CANVAS schedule to; – Pre-read lecture notes and ppt files (posted by Friday prior) – Watch pre-lecture video(s) to become familiar with topics – Watch how to get the most out of studying video (see MT date) Attend lecture – Take your own hand-written notes – Review lecture material often, discuss with classmates Pre-read lab material – there are pre-lab quizzes Attend scheduled labs – Review lab material often – Do lab review questions (on CANVAS) – Review answers with classmates Attend TA and Instructor office hours with questions Prepare for exams 8 – multiple choice, fill in the blank and short answer Week Lecture Lab 1 Osteology & Arthrology Osteology & Torso Anatomy 2 Body Composition Body Composition 3 Growth and Development Arthrology Evaluation of Physical Fitness Flexibility 4 Skeletal Muscle Muscle Anatomy and Movement Analysis 5 Muscular Strength Muscular Strength, Power and Biomechanics Endurance 6 Biomechanics Levers, Center of Gravity and Pulmonary Structure and Function Gait Analysis Cardiorespiratory Anatomy Reading Week Library Lab 7 Midterm Lecture Exam No Lab Midterm Lab Exam 8 Pulmonary System and Circulatory System Cardiovascular responses to Structure and Function submaximal exercise 9 Blood Flow and Gas Transport Maximal Oxygen Uptake Maximal Aerobic Power 10 Neural Control of Movement Reflex Actions Performance Curves Knowledge of Results Transfer of Learning 11 Motor Learning Lab Review Ergonomics 12 Environmental Physiology - Cold Anatomy Lab Exam Underwater Physiology No Lab 9 13 Environmental Physiology – Altitude  What to do before Lab this week Download Lab Manual (CANVAS) Find the lab room so you can show up at your scheduled time What to do before next week Register iclicker through CANVAS Pre-read lecture material Introduce yourself on the Discussion board in CANVAS Pre-read Lab material to prepare for pre-lab quiz Ensure you have a device connected to CANVAS for pre- lab quiz during lab session 10 WHAT IS BIOMEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY ? 11  What is Biomedical Physiology ? Physiology “Physiology is a broad area of scientific inquiry that focuses on the biological function of living organisms. Physiology is essential to answering virtually every critical question facing us in our understanding of life, health and disease.” American Physiological Society (the-APS.org) Physiologists practice in the areas of – Research and laboratory work – Preparation for professional schools - medical, dental, veterinary medicine, pharmacy and others WHAT IS KINESIOLOGY ? 13  What is Kinesiology ? Kinesiology – “scientific study of human movement, performance and function. Applies the science of biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, psychology and neuroscience to human movement and function.” BC Association of Kinesiologists (BCAK) Kinesiologists practice in the areas of – “Health promotion, injury rehabilitation, pain and chronic disease management, ergonomics, fitness training, return to work planning and disability management, public health” College of Kinesiology of Ontario (professional organization) 14  What is BPK? The mission of the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology at SFU is to advance the understanding of physiology, movement, and human health through fundamental and applied research, education, and service. We provide opportunities for outstanding learning, world-class research, and active engagement with the community, in order to improve human health. 15  What is BPK? Links on CANVAS schedule to websites specific to BPK SFU – Student and alumni associations – Cooperative education – BPK research related to each course topic Biomedical Physiology Kinesiology Behavioural Neuroscience 16  What is BPK? Links on CANVAS schedule to Canadian and US associations offering students memberships in the areas of; Physiology Exercise physiology Strength and conditioning Ergonomics Neuroscience 17  Welcome to the BPK Academic Community BPK is place of research, teaching and learning where we value respectful interactions, as outlined in SFU’s Student Conduct Policy. As members of the BPK Academic Community, students, staff, teaching assistants and faculty members are expected to behave and communicate in a manner that assures other members of the community can learn, live and work in a positive and constructive environment. We expect all members to make responsible decisions about their conduct. We are individually responsible for our conduct whether acting individually or in a group, and whether in person or online. According to SFU’s Student Conduct Policy, it is prohibited to engage in behaviour or communication, that one knows, or ought reasonably to know, would be unwelcome and would cause another person to feel threatened, intimidated, or harassed. Our community is characterized by honesty, diversity, free inquiry and mutual respect. We are all invested in your education and deserve respectful discourse. OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY PART ONE 19  OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Osteology – is the scientific study of bones. – Unit 1 in Lab Manual Arthrology – is the science concerned with the anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of joints. – There are hundreds of junctions between bones in the body. – Unit 7 in Lab Manual 20  OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Course Learning Outcome 1. Describe the anatomy, composition, function and common disorders of bone and joint tissues. (I) (LE, IC, LA, AE) Learning Goals Build a foundational knowledge of the structure and function of human bones and joints Build a vocabulary of the the related terminology. This knowledge and terminology will be reinforced and applied within BPK 142 laboratory modules covering; - arthrology, body composition, biomechanics and skeletal muscle - as well as advanced BPK courses. 21  OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Learning Outcomes - Students will be able to demonstrate the following on an exam; List and describe the functions of the skeleton Name, label and describe the structural components of bone Name, describe and provide an example of the classifications of bone Describe the function of the vertebral column including how vertebrae articulate, label the different types of vertebrae, identify common abnormal curves Name, describe and provide an example of the different classifications of joints and how they influence range of motion. Describe the structure and functions of the components of a synovial joint Distinguish between the structure and functional roles of tendons, ligaments and bursae. Distinguish the reference planes and terms of direction for the human body Name and distinguish movements of the major joints (this will be reinforced 22 and applied within the module on skeletal muscle)  OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Outline - Part One - Osteology A. Functions of the Skeleton B. Structure of a Long Bone C. Classification of Bones D. Vertebral Column Outline - Part Two - Arthrology E. Classification of Joints F. Reference Planes G. Terms of Direction H. Joint Movements I. Structural Limits To Flexibility J. Common Joint Disorders 23  OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Outline - Part One - Osteology A. Functions of the Skeleton B. Structure of a Long Bone C. Classification of Bones D. Vertebral Column Outline - Part Two - Arthrology E. Classification of Joints F. Reference Planes G. Terms of Direction H. Joint Movements I. Structural Limits To Flexibility J. Common Joint Disorders 24  Osteology the study of bones A. Functions of the Skeleton supporting framework for the body attachment points for muscles – creating a lever system that enables body movements Provides protection of vital organs 25 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax  Osteology the study of bones A. Functions of the Skeleton Blood cell formation – red bone marrow produces red and white blood cells and platelets. Bone is richly supplied with blood vessels. Mineral storage – calcium and phosphorus It is a vital, dynamic, constantly changing tissue remarkable for its hardness, plasticity, resilience, and regenerative capacity. 26 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax Relationship of Skeletal Muscle to Bones a. Skeletal muscles create movements by pulling on bones b. Bones serve as levers, and joints act as fulcrums 27  OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Outline - Part One - Osteology A. Functions of the Skeleton B. Structure of a Long Bone C. Classification of Bones D. Vertebral Column Outline - Part Two - Arthrology E. Classification of Joints F. Reference Planes G. Terms of Direction H. Joint Movements I. Structural Limits To Flexibility J. Common Joint Disorders 28  Osteology B. Structure of a Long Bone Details in Lab manual page 1-9 29 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax  Osteology B. Structure of Bone Longitudinal growth of a bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate, which is a layer of cartilage. The proliferating cartilage cells are gradually replaced by bone. 30  Osteology B. Structure of Bone Bone tissue is composed of widely separated cells, called osteocytes, surrounded by matrix. The matrix is about; 25% water 25% protein – mainly Collagen 50% mineral salts – calcium carbonate – calcium phosphate 31  Osteology B. Structure of Bone Bone is highly dynamic and is continually being remodeled in response to mechanical stress or even absence of stress. 32  Osteology B. Structure of Bone The bones of physically active individuals tend to be denser and therefore more mineralized than those of sedentary individuals of the same age and gender. Serving arm significantly greater bone thickness in professional tennis players. 33  OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Outline - Part One - Osteology A. Functions of the Skeleton B. Structure of a Long Bone C. Classification of Bones D. Vertebral Column Outline - Part Two - Arthrology E. Classification of Joints F. Reference Planes G. Terms of Direction H. Joint Movements I. Structural Limits To Flexibility J. Common Joint Disorders 34  Osteology C. Classification of Bones The human skeleton consists of 206 individual bones. Bones are generally grouped into five principle types according to their shape. 35 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax  Osteology C. Classification of Bones Long bones - longer than they are wide. Short bones – wider than they are long Flat bones – flat and broad surface Irregular bones - Bones that do not fit into any of the other three categories – more complex shapes Sesamoid bones– small bone that forms in tendon – e.g. patella 36 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax  37 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax  Axial Skeleton Number of bones Skull: Cranium 8 Face 14 Auditory ossieles 6 Hyoid (throat) 1 Vertebrae 26 Thorax: Sternum 1 Ribs 24 Total 80 Appendicular Skeleton Upper: Shoulder girdle 4 Arms & hands 60 Lower: Pelvic girdle 2 Legs & feet 60 Total 126 Combined Total = 206 Bones Red boxes on diagrams highlight anatomy examinable in this course (see laboratory manual for complete lists) Additional anatomy left on diagrams for reference and orientation 38 Use the Anatomy Study Tools in CANVAS Anatomy and Physiology Openstax  SCAPULA Anatomy and Physiology Openstax 40  HUMERUS 41 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax  42 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax  PELVIC GIRLDLE Iliac crest ilium Anterior superior iliac spine iliac fossa ischium Pubis Anatomy and Physiology Openstax 43  ilium PELVIC GIRLDLE ischium Pubis 44 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax Femur, Knee Tibia and Fibula 45 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax Foot and Ankle 46 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax  OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Outline - Part One - Osteology A. Functions of the Skeleton B. Structure of a Long Bone C. Classification of Bones D. Vertebral Column Outline - Part Two - Arthrology E. Classification of Joints F. Reference Planes G. Terms of Direction H. Joint Movements I. Structural Limits To Flexibility J. Common Joint Disorders 47  Osteology D. Vertebral Column The vertebral column provides flexible support for the trunk and protects the spinal cord. 33 vertebrae (26 distinct bones) - 5 segments Anatomy and Physiology Openstax 48  Osteology D. Vertebral Column The vertebrae articulate with one another by means of facets (flat areas) - Located on the processes of the neural arches (synovial joint) and by means of intervertebral discs - between the vertebral bodies (cartilaginous joint). 49 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax  Osteology D. Vertebral Column Intervertebral discs function as shock absorbers and allow slight movement so that the column is flexible and resilient. Anatomy and Physiology Openstax 50  Osteology D. Vertebral Column Herniated Disc Anatomy and Physiology Openstax 51  Osteology D. Vertebral Column Abnormal curves: – Scoliosis - an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column – Kyphosis - "hump back" - an exaggerated posterior thoracic curve – Lordosis - "sway back" - an exaggerated anterior lumbar curve. Anatomy and Physiology Openstax 52 OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY PART TWO 53  OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Outline - Part One - Osteology A. Functions of the Skeleton B. Structure of a Long Bone C. Classification of Bones D. Vertebral Column Outline - Part Two - Arthrology E. Classification of Joints F. Reference Planes G. Terms of Direction H. Joint Movements I. Structural Limits To Flexibility J. Common Joint Disorders 54  Arthrology - study of joints E. Classification of Joints Fibrous joint – immoveable Cartilaginous joint - slightly moveable Synovial joint - freely moveable 55 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax  Arthrology Synovial Joint Synovial fluid has two functions: – Lubricates the joint surfaces as they slide over each other during joint movement to reduce friction – Supplies nutrients to, and removes waste products from, the cartilage cells which have no direct blood supply 56 Anatomy and Physiology Openstax Types of Synovial Joints Video link Anatomy and Physiology Openstax 57 https://openstax.org/l/synjoints/ Types of Synovial Joints 58 Anatomy and Physiology OpenStax  Arthrology Ligament - fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together. Tendon - fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone. (medial) (lateral) 59 Anatomy and Physiology OpenStax  Arthrology Bursa - a small sac or cavity filled with synovial fluid and located at friction points, especially joints. Most bursae are located between tendons and bone. Anatomy and Physiology OpenStax60 Adult vs. Fetal Skull 61 Anatomy and Physiology OpenStax  OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Outline - Part One - Osteology A. Functions of the Skeleton B. Structure of a Long Bone C. Classification of Bones D. Vertebral Column Outline - Part Two - Arthrology E. Classification of Joints F. Reference Planes G. Terms of Direction H. Joint Movements I. Structural Limits To Flexibility J. Common Joint Disorders 62  Arthrology F. Reference Planes See Lab Manual, pages 7-11 Frontal plane – divides body into – anterior and posterior portions Sagittal plane – divides the body into – right and left sides Transverse plane – divides the body into – superior and inferior portions 63 Anatomy and Physiology OpenStax  Arthrology G. Terms of Direction See Lab Manual, page 7-17 From Anatomical Position Terms will become very familiar as you continually use them 64 Anatomy and Physiology OpenStax  OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Outline - Part One - Osteology A. Functions of the Skeleton B. Structure of a Long Bone C. Classification of Bones D. Vertebral Column Outline - Part Two - Arthrology E. Classification of Joints F. Reference Planes G. Terms of Direction H. Joint Movements I. Structural Limits To Flexibility J. Common Joint Disorders 65  Arthrology H. Joint Movements See Lab Manual, pages 7-13 to 7-16 1. Flexion, extension 2. Abduction, adduction 3. Rotation - inward (medial) rotation; outward (lateral) rotation 4. Supination, pronation 5. Elevation, depression 6. Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion 66  Arthrology H. Joint Movements See Lab Manual, pages 7-13 to 7-16 1. Flexion, extension 2. Abduction, adduction 3. Rotation - inward (medial) rotation; outward (lateral) rotation 4. Supination, pronation 5. Elevation, depression 6. Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion 67 Anatomy and Physiology OpenStax  OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY Outline - Part One - Osteology A. Functions of the Skeleton B. Structure of a Long Bone C. Classification of Bones D. Vertebral Column Outline - Part Two - Arthrology E. Classification of Joints F. Reference Planes G. Terms of Direction H. Joint Movements I. Structural Limits To Flexibility J. Common Joint Disorders 68  Arthrology I. Structural Limits To Flexibility Bony structure of the joint can’t be changed by a flexibility program Ligaments Joint capsules Muscle-tendon unit - muscle and its fascial sheaths - the major focus of stretching exercises is the elongation of this tissue 69 70  Arthrology J. Common Joint Disorders See Lab Manual, pages 7-17 1. Sprain – overstretching of ligaments 1st Degree: fibers are stretched 2nd Degree: partial tear of ligament 3rd Degree: rupture of the ligament 2. Dislocation –bones are displaced ligaments are sprained and may even be torn in severe cases. Blood vessels are often ruptured and nerves may be compressed. The shoulder and knee joints are most vulnerable to dislocation. 71  Arthrology I. Common Joint Disorders See Lab Manual, pages 7-17 3. Subluxation- partial dislocation 4. Bursitis – inflamed bursae – result of injury, exercise, or infection. 72  Arthrology I. Common Joint Disorders See Lab Manual, pages 7-17 5. Arthritis – joint inflammation caused by trauma, bacterial infection, metabolic disorders, or unknown causes 73