Kepler.pptx

What do you think is the shape of the EARTH? FLAT EARTH MODEL Earth is plane or discoidal in form FLAT EARTH MODEL Early Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Homer believed that the world is a disk in the ocean FLAT EARTH MODEL Israelites thought that the Earth is like a disk floating in water where an arche...

What do you think is the shape of the EARTH? FLAT EARTH MODEL Earth is plane or discoidal in form FLAT EARTH MODEL Early Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Homer believed that the world is a disk in the ocean FLAT EARTH MODEL Israelites thought that the Earth is like a disk floating in water where an arched bowl separates the earth from the ANCIENT GREEK ASTRONOMER ARSAGYTOHP First to propose a spherical Earth. PYTHAGORAS (500 BC) First to propose a spherical Earth. NAXARAGOSA Supported Pythagoras through his observations of the shadows that Earth cast on moon during lunar eclipse ANAXAGORAS (500 BC - 430 BC) Supported Pythagoras through his observations of the shadows that Earth cast on moon during lunar eclipse EASIRLTTO Listed several arguments for a spherical Earth. ARISTOTLE (340 BCE) Listed several arguments for a spherical Earth. ARGUMENTS OF ARISTOTLE  Position of the North Star  The shape of the moon and the Sun  The disappearance of the ships TTOSHENESARE Gave the most accurate size of the Earth during their time. Approximately 250,000 stadia/46,250 km ERATOSTHENES Gave the most accurate size of the Earth during their time. Approximately 250,000 stadia/46,250 km Modern Evidence Supporting Spherical Earth Model SPACECRAFT PHOTOS  Satellite photos show that the earth is spherical.  Astronauts in satellites orbiting in low Earth orbit personally observed curvature of the planet. LUNAR ECLIPSE  The shape that casts in the moon at which direction is it pointed shows spherical shape. TIME ZONES  The time differences in different places in the world is due to the presence of a time zone. RIDING A PLANE  The curvature of Earth on the horizon is noticeable if you travel in transatlantic flight. Phenomena Known To Astronomers PHASES OF THE MOON  Ancient people observed that within a period of 29.5 days, the moon changes its path and its appearance. LUNAR ECLIPSE  They noticed that there are times when, for a short moment, the moon of part of it seemed to be covered by a SOLAR ECLIPSE  The occurrence of solar eclipse was also observed. VISIBILITY OF PLANETS  Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn were observed to be visible HANS LIPPERSHEY  Spectacle maker from United Netherlands, traditionally credited with inventing the telescope. https://www.britannica.com/biography/ Hans-Lippershey GALILEO GALILEI GALILEO’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATION  The moon has mountains, valleys, and craters. GALILEO’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATION  The surface of the sun has some blemishes, called the sunspots. GALILEO’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATION  Jupiter has four moons revolving around it. GALILEO’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATION  Venus has phases similar to those of the moon. Brahe’s Innovation in the Discovery of Kepler’s TYCHO BRAHE A Danish astronomer who conducted precise observations of the positions of the planet during his time. TYCHO BRAHE The last and the greatest astronomer prior to the advent of the telescope. TYCHO BRAHE He made his observation in an island called Hveen; he measured and recorded the positions of the sun, moon, and TYCHOIC MODEL OF THE UNI EART H TYCHOIC MODEL OF THE UNI MOO N TYCHOIC MODEL OF THE UNI SUN TYCHOIC MODEL OF THE UNI MERCU RY TYCHOIC MODEL OF THE UNI VENU S TYCHOIC MODEL OF THE UNI MARS TYCHOIC MODEL OF THE UNI JUPITE R TYCHOIC MODEL OF THE UNI SATUR KEPLER’S LAW OF PLANETARY JOHANNES KEPLER  Brahe’s successor  He was given access to a vast collection of observations of Mars, and he continued Brahe’s unfinished work. KEPLER’S WORKS  First Law of Planetary Motion: Law of Ellipses  Second Law of Planetary Motion: Law of Equal Areas LAW OF ELLIPSES The planets move in ellipses having a common focus situated at the sun LAW OF EQUAL AREAS The planets move around the sun in such a way that a line drawn from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal LAW OF HARMONIES The squares of the periods of the planets are proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from the sun. Kepler’s third law of planetary motion gives an accurate description for the time and distance for each planet’s movement around the sun. LAW OF HARMONIES Orbital period and orbital radius of Earth and Mars Planet Period (s) Average Distance (m) Earth 3.1536 x 107 s 1.4957 x 1011 2.977 x 10-19 Mars 5.93 x 107 s 2.278 x 1011 2.975 x 10-19 T2/R3 (s2/m3)