Unit 3 Test Review PDF - Developmental Psychology

Unit 3 Test Review 1.​ What are the three questions of Developmental psychology? Be able to distinguish differences between each stage. Nature vs. Nurture - if our genetic affects the way they are and how our community and the way we were raised Continuity vs stages does our traits stay...

Unit 3 Test Review 1.​ What are the three questions of Developmental psychology? Be able to distinguish differences between each stage. Nature vs. Nurture - if our genetic affects the way they are and how our community and the way we were raised Continuity vs stages does our traits stay the same as time goes through different stages of life. Stability vs change- personally remains the same 2.​ Do newborns prefer mom’s voice or dads voice? Why? Moms because of the the amount they talked in the womb 3.​ In the video we watched with the babies that were addicted to drugs and alcohol, the substances they were addicted to are known as Teratogens ? 4.​ What effect did pregnant rats drinking alcohol have on their infants? The infants can have disabilities and can have many problemes. 5.​ What is habituation? It can decrease response to stimulus after repeated exposure. 6.​ What is the difference between secure attachment and insecure attachment? Be able to identify the differences. Secure attachment makes the child feel safe with their parents while a insecure attachment would make a child not feel safe with their parents and not comfortable. 7.​ Parents that use harsh discipline on their children fall into this category of parenting? Many times they will answer “because I said so” The harsh parenting style would be authoritarian parenting style. 8.​ Are men or women more likely to be aggressive? Suffer from anxiety and/or depression? Men are more aggressive Women suffer form anxiety and depression Smile at others? More likely to smile are women. 9.​ From the text, peers are more likely to influence us in these ways? Parents on these types of issues. Peers are likely influence social behaviors fashon and risk taking while parents influence us by out morals, values ,religion and career choices. 10.​Identify Piaget’s stages of cognitive development? Know the major premise of the final stage. Sensorimotor (0-2) Preoperational ( 2-7) Concrete operational (7-11) Formal Operational ( 12+) Final stage premise 11.​Who was the most influential person when it came to moral development? What were his three stages of moral development? Lawrence Kohlberg Preconventional conventional post conventional 12.​Who is Eric Erickson? Committing oneself to meaningful social roles would be indicative of which Erickson stage of social development? Developed 8 psychological stages in development - he made social roles + Identity vs Role confusion ( adolescence 12-18) 13.​What is the cause of menopause? Decline in estrogen production as women age and is end of menstrual cycle 14.​Men progressing through middle adulthood experience a reduction in? To decrease testosterone levels 15.​Define learning - Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience 16.​Identify classical conditioning vs.operant conditioning. Classical conditioning learning through associations And operant conditioning learning through rewards and punishments 17.​Identify the Neutral, UCS, UCR, CS, CR from various scenarios. ​ ​ Neutral Stimulus (NS): Does not trigger a response initially (e.g., a bell). ​ ​ Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Naturally causes a response (e.g., food). ​ ​ Unconditioned Response (UCR): Natural reaction (e.g., salivation). ​ ​ Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Previously neutral stimulus that triggers a response after conditioning (e.g., bell after learning). ​ ​ Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response (e.g., salivation to the bell). 18.​Identify the difference between generalization and extinction. Generalization: Responding similarly to similar stimuli and Extinction: The conditioned response disappears when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.  19.​What is a Skinner Box? A controlled environment used by B.F. Skinner to study operant conditioning in animals using rewards and punishments. 20.​Which type of learning would involve shaping? Operant Conditioning – Gradually reinforcing behaviors that lead to the desired behavior. 21.​What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcers? Positive and negative punishments? Positive Reinforcement: Adding something pleasant Negative Reinforcement: Removing something unpleasant ​ ​ Positive Punishment: Adding something unpleasant​ Negative Punishment: Taking away something pleasant 22.​Understand an example of the 4 types of partial reinforcement schedules. Fixed-Ratio -Reward after a set number of responses Fixed Interval -Reward after a set time Variable Ratio - Reward after an unpredictable number of responses Variable interval - Reward at unpredictable time intervals