Introduction to Psychology: Development and Learning
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary question explored in developmental psychology?

  • Stability versus change
  • Nature versus nurture
  • Past versus future (correct)
  • Continuity versus stages

Newborns typically show a preference for which parent's voice?

  • Father's voice
  • Both equally
  • Neither
  • Mother's voice (correct)

What is the term for substances that can cause harm to a developing fetus?

  • Vitamins
  • Teratogens (correct)
  • Hormones
  • Antibodies

What is habituation?

<p>A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by strict rules and expecting obedience without explanation?

<p>Authoritarian (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are men more likely to exhibit?

<p>Aggression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During adolescence, peers are MOST likely to influence an individual's choices related to:

<p>Fashion and social behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, what is the final stage of cognitive development?

<p>Formal operational (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biological change marks the end of the menstrual cycle in women?

<p>Decline in estrogen production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'learning'?

<p>A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning involves forming associations between stimuli?

<p>Classical conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is the term for a stimulus that initially does not trigger a response?

<p>Neutral Stimulus (NS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generalization in the context of conditioning?

<p>Responding similarly to similar stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a conditioned response disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus?

<p>Extinction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Skinner Box?

<p>To study operant conditioning in a controlled environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement involves removing something unpleasant?

<p>Negative Reinforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Menopause Definition

Cessation of menstruation due to decreased estrogen production in aging women.

Learning Definition

A relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

Classical Conditioning

Learning through associations between stimuli.

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences (rewards and punishments).

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Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Stimulus that doesn't initially trigger a response.

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Generalization

Responding similarly to similar stimuli.

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Extinction (Conditioning)

The conditioned response weakens when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

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Positive Reinforcement

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

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Developmental Psychology's Questions

Examines nature vs. nurture, continuity vs. stages, and stability vs. change throughout life.

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Newborn Voice Preference

Newborns prefer their mother's voice due to familiarity from the womb.

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Teratogens

Substances (drugs/alcohol) that can cause harm to a developing fetus or embryo.

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Habituation

Decreased response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.

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Secure vs. Insecure Attachment

Secure: Child feels safe and comfortable with parents. Insecure: Child feels unsafe and not comfortable with parents.

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Authoritarian Parenting

Parents impose rules and expect obedience. "Because I said so" is a common response.

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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), Formal Operational (12+). The final stage involves abstract thought and reasoning.

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Erik Erikson

Developed 8 psychosocial stages; committing to social roles is indicative of the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage (adolescence).

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