Soss WH Midterm 2024 PDF

World History Fall Semester Study Guide 2024 Geography 1. What are the differences between latitude and longitude lines? Latitude lines run horizontally around the earth, while longitude lines run vertically. 2. What is a compass rose? What is its importance?: A compass rose is a symbol on maps th...

World History Fall Semester Study Guide 2024 Geography 1. What are the differences between latitude and longitude lines? Latitude lines run horizontally around the earth, while longitude lines run vertically. 2. What is a compass rose? What is its importance?: A compass rose is a symbol on maps that shows the directions of North, South, East, and West. This is important because it helps and guides you on what way you are going. 3. What are the characteristics of the Prime Meridian and Equator? The Prime Meridian has a vertical line of 0 longitude, passes through Greenwich, England, and is used as a reference for time zones. The Equator has a horizontal line at 0 latitude, divides the earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and it is typically warm/humid. Foundations of Democracy Define the following terms: 4. Democracy: People have the power to make decisions on how they are ruled. 5. Enlightenment: The Enlightenment was a period in the 17th and 18th centuries when people began to emphasize reason, science, and individual rights over tradition and religion. 6. Republic/Representative Democracy (and who had the first one): People elect representatives to make decisions and create laws on their behalf. The Roman Republic had the first one. 7. Autocracy: One person makes all the decisions and has all the power , without input from others. 8. Divine Right: The idea that a ruler's power comes directly from God. 9. Constitutional/Limited Monarchy: A king or queen shares power with a government. 10. Absolute Monarchy: A king or queen has total power and control. 11. Direct Democracy (and who had the first one): All citizens vote directly on laws and decisions, rather than electing representatives to do so. Ancient Greeks in Athens had the first one. Philosophers What were these philosophers’ views on government and whether people can be trusted to govern themselves? (Hint: think back to your philosopher chart) 1 chart) Can people be trusted to Views on Government govern? King Louis XIV believed that only he, as king, had the right and power to make decisions. He He believed people cannot be 1. King Louis XIV thought his authority came from trusted to govern. God and that no one else should have control over the government. He believed in absolute monarchy. Queen Elizabeth 1 believed in a strong monarchy. She trusted her She believed people could help ability to lead but also relied on 2. Elizabeth I govern, but still needed others for advice and support. She authority. believed in a monarchy. Locke believed in a government that is for the people and based on He believed people could be 3. Locke their consent. He supported trusted to govern. democracy. Hobbes thought people needed a strong leader to avoid chaos and He did not believe people could 4. Hobbes keep peace. He supported absolute be trusted to govern. monarchy. Montesquieu believed that the best way to protect freedom and prevent abuse of power was to He believed that people could separate government into three be trusted to govern, but he 5. Montesquieu branches, legislative (makes laws), thought that power should be executive (enforces laws), judicial shared and checked to prevent (interprets laws). He believed in abuse. separation of power. 2  Wollstonecraft believed that governments should treat men and women equally. She argued that women should have the same She did believe people can be 6. Wollstonecraft rights as men, including the right trusted to govern. to education and to participate in government. She believed in a democratic government that ensured equality. Rousseau believed that government should be based on the will of the people. He thought that everyone should have a say in He did believe that people can 7. Rousseau making laws and that the be trusted to govern. government should work for the good of all. He supported a democracy where the people make decisions for the common good. He believed that people could be trusted to govern, but only under the right conditions. He Aristotle believed in a government thought that the best 8. Aristotle that serves everyone’s best government involves citizens interests. participating, but he also believed that the people need to be educated to make good decisions. Plato believed in a government led by wise rulers who know He did not believe people could 9. Plato what’s best for everyone, and not be trusted to govern. one where everyone has an equal say. Documents of Democracy How were these documents important to democracy? 1. Magna Carta: it limited the power of the king and established that even rulers must obey the law. 3  2. What happened as a result of the Glorious Revolution? The Glorious Revolution resulted in the overthrow of King James 2 of England and the creation of William III and Mary II as co-monarchs. This was important to democracy because it laid out the foundation like limited monarchy, protection of rights, rule of law, etc. 3. English Bill of Rights: The English Bill of Rights was a document that outlined the rights of Parliament and citizens. This was important to democracy because it limited the power of the monarchy. Columbian Exchange/Triangle Trade/Middle Passage Identify or define the following questions/terms and explain their importance 4. What was Triangle Trade? Who got what? The Triangle Trade was a system of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americxas during the 1600’s-1800’s. - Europe got raw materials to make products and become wealthy - Africa got goods but lost millions of people due to slavery - Americas got enslaved workers to produce crops for their benefit. 5. What was Mercantilism? What became a nations goal because of mercantilism? Mercantilism was a system where nations believed wealth and power came from getting gold and silver, and controlling trade. It was important because it created colonies policies, began competition between nations, and sparked exploration. 6. What was the Middle Passage? What percent of slaves were said to die on this trip according to your textbook? The Middle Passage was the journey enslaved Africans were forced to take across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. It shows the cruelty of the slave trade and its huge impact on African people and history. About 15% of enslaved Africans died during the trip from disease, starvation, or abuse. 7. What was the Columbian Exchange? Why is it so important? What was traded (from where to where)? The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of plants, animals, people, diseases, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and Asia and the Americas. It was important because it connected the old and new world, changed diets, led to growth of new industries, etc. American Revolution Identify or define the following questions/terms and explain their importance 8. Stamp Act: a law passed by Britain that required the American colonists to pay a tax on printed materials, like newspapers, legal documents, and playing cards. This was important because it angered colonists, created protests, and contributed to the American Revolution. 4  9. Define Taxation without Representation: being taxed by a government without having a voice or vote in making the laws or decisions. This was important because it made colonists feel their rights were being violated, leading to protests and eventually the American Revolution. 10. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? What Enlightenment Ideas was the declaration modeled after? Whose ideas were these originally? The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776. Enlightenment ideas the declaration modeled after were natural rights and that the government should be based on the consent of the governed. The ideas were originally from John Locke. 11. U.S. Constitution: the supreme law of the United States. It is important because it sets up the framework for the government and outlines the rights and freedoms of American citizens. 12. How did the American constitution set up a strong government? (hint: did one branch have all of the powers?) The American Constitution set up a strong government by creating three separate branches with specific powers, making sure that no one branch had all the power. This system is called "separation of powers". Legislative branch, Judicial branch, and the Executive branch. 13. U.S. Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. It was made to protect the basic rights and freedoms of American citizens. The French Revolution Identify or define the following questions/terms and explain their importance 14. What were the 3 main causes of the French Revolution? Social inequality: French society was divided into the first estate, the second estate, and the third estate. Financial problems: was in heavy debt from war, especially from the American Revolution Enlightenment ideas: people wanted more political freedom and better rights 15. Who was in the First Estate? What was their role in society? The First Estate was made up of the clergy, which included bishops, priests, and other religious leaders. Their role in society was to lead and own a lot of land. They took up 1% of the population. 16. Who was in the Second Estate? What was their role in society? The Second Estate was made up of the nobility, which included dukes, earls, barons, and other aristocrats. Their role in society was to have high social ranks, they were in charge of local areas, and they also earned large amounts of land. They took up 2% of the population. 5 17. Who was in the Third Estate? What was their role in society? The Third Estate was made up of the common people. Their role in society was to do labor, production, and paid the majority of the taxes without representation. They took up 98% of the population. 18. Who was included in the Bourgeoisie? What was their role in society? The bourgeoisie was the middle class of the Third Estate. This included lawyers, doctors, merchants, etc. Their role in society was owning businesses, having little influence on the government, and they seeked for better political rights and social status. French Rev. Events What happened? Why was this important? It marked the beginning of the It was a gathering of French Revolution, showed the representatives from the three growing power and frustration 19. Meeting of the Estates estates. The Third Estate was of the common people against General unhappy because they had to the monarchy and the nobility, pay most of the taxes but had and it led to major changes in little power. France. It was the first major act of The National Assembly was defiance against the king and formed in June 1789 when the the old system. Third Estate broke away from 20. National Assembly the Estates-General. They were unhappy with how the voting was done and wanted more power. The Tennis Court Oath was The Oath marked a key moment when the National Assembly in the French Revolution, as it was locked out of the meeting was the first time the people of the Estates-General. They went against the king's 21. Tennis Court Oath moved to an indoor tennis authority. court and promised to stay united until they had created a new constitution for France. The people of Paris were angry The Bastille was a symbol of the about food shortages, high king’s absolute power. Its fall prices, and the king's refusal to showed that the people were give up power. challenging the king's authority. They stormed the Bastille, 22. Storming of the Bastille hoping to get weapons and gunpowder to defend themselves. They freed the few prisoners inside. 6  It was important because it The 13 American colonies helped to form the foundation served their political of the French Revolution, in 23. Declaration of the Rights connections to Great Britain. hopes of ending the monarchy of Man. and establishing a democracy in France The public executions and mass It was important because it killings of thousands of instituted the conscripted army counter-revolutionary suspects which saved France from invasion by other countries and in that sense preserved the 24. Reign of Terror between September 1793 and Revolution. July 1784. Harsh measures were taken It was important because it was against the alleged enemies of made to defend the nation the revolution, the economy against foreign and domestic was placed on a wartime basis, enemies, as well as to oversee 25. Committee of Public the new functions of the and executive government. Safety mass conscription was undertaken. 1. Who were King Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette? What happened to them? In 1789, faced with a grave financial cris, the king summoned a meeting of the Estates General at the palace. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette left Versailles for Paris and they both died. 2. Who was Robespierre? What did he do? What happened to him? He advocated the death penalty for enemies of the revolution and supported the Reign of Terror, ten months of executions. People eventually turned against him and he was executed. 3. Who was Napoleon? What did he do? What happened to him? He was one of the most successful generals of the French revolutionary armies. He was emperor of France from 1804-1814. 4. What were the 3 mistakes of Napoleon that led to his downfall? The Continental Blockade, the Peninsular War, the Russian Campaign, and the direct role of Britain. 7  5. What were the main goals (3) of the Congress of Vienna? To balance the powers of Europe to coexist peacefully, enclose France’s borders, and restore conservative order. Comparing Revolutions Glorious Revolution American Revolution French Revolution It was the peaceful way It was created by It put an end to the in which Parliament colonial opposition to feudal system as well asserted its rights over British attempts to as France’s absolute 51. What documents the monarchy 1688. impose greater control monarchy and changed were created to protect over the colonies and the country’s entire the rights of the to make them repay political landscape. people? the crown for its defense of them during the French and Indian War. The establishment of The colonies won This proclaimed the the English nation that political independence abolition of the limited the power of and went on to form monarchy and 52. What was the the king and provided the USA. established the French outcome of the protections for English Republic. revolution? subjects Agricultural/Industrial Revolution Identify or define the following questions/terms and explain their importance 53. Industrial Revolution: It transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing and the factory system. 54. List at least 3 changes that occurred during the Agricultural Revolution and how they helped increase farming efficiency. a. The second agricultural revolution began during the 18th century b. Major changes to farming techniques c. Decreased the number of workers needed on farms. 55. Why was England the first country to industrialize? They were the first country to industrialize because of the effects of the agricultural revolution, large supplies of coal, geography of the country,a positive political climate and vast colonial empire. 8 56. Textile Industry: A product that emanates from weaving and knitting yarn, known as fabric. 57. Steam Engine: A machine that uses steam power to perform mechanical work through the agency of heat. 58. Urbanization: The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. 59. Why did urbanization occur? It occurred because people moved from rural areas to urban areas. 60. What factors contributed to the shorter life span of those living in cities as opposed to those in the country? List at least 4. Illness caused by unhealthy living conditions, some members of the middle class achieved top positions in society, exposed daily to dirty water and air, and urban dwellers could expect to have a shorter lifespan than their country. 61. Laissez Faire: This means “allow to do” in French. 62. Capitalism: An economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. 63. Socialism: Socialists believe that sharing ownership of the means of production equally among society would increase people's quality of life. Socialists want to give people free access to basic life necessities. 64. Communism: A type of government as well as an economic system. 65. Adam Smith (and what book he wrote): Adam smith was most famous for his book 1776 which was called the wealth of nations. 66. Karl Marx (and what book he wrote): Karl Marz was a German philosopher during the 19th century. He worked in the realm of political philosophy and was a famous advocate for communism. He wrote Das Kapital. 67. What are labor unions? What do labor unions do? They were an organized group of workers who united to make decisions about conditions affecting their work. Labor unions strive to bring economic justice to the workplace. 9  68. What did Utilitarians believe should be the motivation behind government decisions? Utilitarians have supported democracy as a way of making the interest of government coincide with the general interest. 69. Romanticism: A literary and artistic movement marked chiefly by an emphasis on the imagination and emotions. 70. List 3 major effects of the Industrial Revolution? Environmental harm Dangerous workplaces Social effects. Identify the major invention for each of the following people: Inventor Invention Why was it significant? 71. Henry Bessemer Bessemer major advancement for steel making 72. Thomas Edison ight bulb, phonograph, lps with the world being able to see and record camera videos 73. Henry Ford model T car hanged the industry by introducing the moving assembly line to car production 74. James Watt steam engines helped start the Industrial Revolution 75. Eli Whitney cotton gin enabled separation of seeds from cotton Imperialism Define the term and explain its importance 76. Imperialism:a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. 77. Social Darwinism:belief that different classes of society or ethnic groups are more or less advanced than others 10 78. White Man's Burden: a duty formerly asserted by white people to manage the affairs of nonwhite people whom they believed to be less developed. 79. What are the two main motives for European Imperialism? economic growth, rivalry between nations 80. Berlin Conference:Otto von Bismarck created the Berlin Conference to settle disputes between the European powers with interests in Africa to create pseudo borders of ownership 81. How are indirect and direct control different in reference to imperialism? Direct control would have the government ran by officials of the controlling country. 82. What made Europeans able to take over areas in Africa? Economic motivation played a large part in the colonization of Africa. The 1800s was a time of great industrialization in Europe (Industrial Revolution). Factories required raw materials that could be manufactured into marketable products. 83. How are colonies and protectorates different? A colony has no control over its internal affairs and is a part of the same nation as the colonial power. A protectorate continues to be an independent state, with its external affairs controlled by the protector country. 84. Sepoy:an Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders. 85. Why was Pakistan formed? to express their national identity free from British colonial domination as well as domination by what they perceived as a Hindu-controlled Indian National Congress. 86. What is non-violent non-cooperation? Who came up with it?This is a peaceful way to protest against something unfair. You refuse to cooperate, but you don't use violence. Mahatma Gandhi invented this strategy. 87. Gandhi worked for the independence of ___india__________ from _____british rule__________. (countries) 88. What was the Boxer Rebellion? Why is it important?A Chinese uprising against foreigners in the late 1800s. It showed how much the Chinese resented foreign influence in their country. 11  89. What was the Opium War? What were the outcomes? Wars between Britain and China over opium trade.Britain won, forcing China to sign unfair treaties. This weakened China and showed the growing power of European nations. 90. Which country was considered the “Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire”? Why was it called this? India: It was called the "Jewel in the Crown" because it was incredibly valuable to the British Empire - lots of resources, a strategic location, and a huge market for British goods. 91. Define the term Geopolitics:The study of how geography affects international relationships and power struggles between countries. Think mountains, rivers, and resources influencing who's powerful and who fights whom. 92. What are cash crops? Provide two example: Crops grown to be sold for money, not for food. Examples: cotton and tobacco. World War I - Define the letter and the term. 93. M_____millitary__________: 94. A_____alliance__________: 95. I_______imperilism _________: 96. N______nationalism_________: 97. WWI began in ____1914_________ (year) and ended in _____1918_____________(year). 98. When did the US enter the war? (p.418)entered in 1917 99. Why did Russia drop out of the war? (p.420). Russia left World War I in 1917 because of internal problems and a revolution. They signed a peace treaty with Germany to end their involvement in the war. WWI Vocabulary Terms 12 100. The fighting along the Western Front took place between _____1914______ and _____1918_____. 101. The fighting along the Eastern Front took place between _____1914______ and _____1918_____. 102. The Balkans : A region in Southeast Europe that was a hotspot for political tension and conflict, contributing to the outbreak of World War I. 103. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand :The event that triggered World War l, where the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was killed by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. 104. Central Powers:The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I. 105. Allies/Allied Powers :The alliance of France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and later the United States and other nations during World War I. 106. Schlieffen Plan :Germany's military strategy to quickly defeat France by advancing through Belgium before turning to fight Russia. 107. Battle of Marne:A significant battle in 1914 where the Allies stopped the German advance near Paris, leading to a prolonged stalemate and trench warfare. 108. Trench Warfare :A type of combat where opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other, leading to a grueling and stagnant form of warfare. 109. Battle of the Somme :A major battle in 1916 with heavy casualties on both sides, known for the extensive use of trench warfare and the first use of tanks. 110. Gallipoli:A campaign in 1915 where the Allies attempted to take control of the Dardanelles strait from the Ottoman Empire, resulting in heavy losses and a failed mission. 111. “No Man’s Land”:The area between opposing trenches, which was extremely dangerous and difficult to cross due to enemy fire. 112. Unrestricted Sub Warfare :Germany's policy of using submarines to sink any ship, including civilian and neutral ships, without warning. 13 113. Zimmerman Note :A secret telegram sent by Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the United States, which helped bring the U.S. into the war. 114. Total War :A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries. 115. Rationing :The controlled distribution of scarce resources and goods, often implemented during wartime to ensure supplies for the military. 116. Propaganda :Information, especially biased or misleading, used to promote a political cause or point of view, often used during wartime to boost morale and support. 117. Dehumanization:The process of depriving a person or group of positive human qualities, often used in propaganda to justify violence against the enemy. 118. Armistice :An agreement to stop fighting, which in World War I occurred on November 11, 1918, leading to the end of the war. 119. Fourteen Points :A statement of principles for peace outlined by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to end World War I and prevent future conflicts. 120. League of Nations :An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among countries, though it ultimately failed to prevent World War II. 121. Treaty of Versailles :The peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany. 122. Lost Generation :A term used to describe the disillusioned and emotionally scarred generation that came of age during and after World War I. 14