Joints PDF

Joints  Joint Functional junctions between bones Bind parts of skeletal system together articulations or arthrosis Make bone growth possible...

Joints  Joint Functional junctions between bones Bind parts of skeletal system together articulations or arthrosis Make bone growth possible Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle 2 contraction Classification of Joints Structural - based on the type of material Functional - based on the amount articulating. of movement allowed (1) Fibrous joints Dense connective tissues connect bones Synarthrosis joints Between bones in close contact. No Considered immovable synovial cavity Amphiarthrosis joints (2) Cartilaginous joints Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage Slightly movable connect bones Diarthrosis joints (3) Synovial joints Freely movable Dense irregular CT Allow free movement 3  Fibrous Joints Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. No synovial cavity There are three (3) types of fibrous joints Interosseus which are synarthroses functional: membrane of leg Syndesmosis Gomphosis Suture Fibula Tibia Syndesmosis: A sheet or bundle of fibrous Anterior tibiofibular tissue connecting bones ligament eg. Interosseous membrane (interosseus Medial Lies between tibia and ligament) malleolus fibula Lateral 4 malleolus  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fibrous Joints Parietal bone Margin of suture Sutural Suture: bones Between flat bones Suture See teeth-like Occipital bone projections (a) (b) Thin layer of dense Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr. irregular CT between bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Crown of Gomphosis: tooth Cone-shaped bony process in a socket Only found where the peridental ligament joins to the mandible or Alveolar Root of process of tooth 5 maxilla mandible Periodontal ligament  Skull: Fontanels In infants and children sutures are slightly movable (amphiarthroses) Sutures play important roles in shock absorption in the skull. Some sutures, although present during growth of the skull, are replaced by bone in the adult. Such a suture is called a synostosis, or bony joint— a joint in which there is a  Cartilaginous Joints Thoracic First rib vertebra Costal cartilage There are two (2) types of cartilaginous joints, Manubrium amphiarthroses functional: Synchondrosis Symphysis Synchondrosis: Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones Epiphyseal plate (temporary) Between manubrium and the first rib, which ossifies during adult life becoming synarthrosis. 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis: Pad of Gelatinous Spinous process core fibrocartilage Band of between bones fibrocartilage All occur in the Body of vertebra midline of the Pubis body Pubic Intervertebral symphysis & discs Joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae Fibrocartilage disc of symphysis pubis (a) (b) 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  General Structure of a Synovial Joint Synovial joints are freely moveable (diarthroses) There are three (3) types of diarthroses Uni-axial Hinge joint Pivot or trochoid joint Bi-axial Saddle joint Condylar or ellipsoidal joint Multi-axial Ball and socket 10 joint Gliding or plane  Synovial Joint Synovial membrane lines the interior of the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity. This fluid lubricates, cushions shocks, prevents abrasion, and supports the chondrocytes of the articular cartilages through nutrient distribution. Even in a large joint such as the knee, the total quantity of synovial fluid in a joint is normally less than 3 ml. 11 Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Figure 5.29a–c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Uniaxial Synovial Joints Pivot Joint Hinge Joint Between atlas (C1) and the dens of Elbow joint (humerus and axis (C2) ulnar) Radius and ulna Between phalanges Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Dens Humerus Transverse ligament Radius Atlas Axis Ulna (e) Pivot joint (d) Hinge joint 13 Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Figure 5.29d–f Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biaxial Synovial Joints Saddle Joint Condylar Joint Between carpal and 1st Between metacarpals and phalanges metacarpal (of thumb) Between radius and carpals Metacarpal First metacarpal Trapezium Phalanx (f) Saddle (b) Condylar 15 joint joint Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Multiaxial Nonaxial Synovial Joints Synovial Joints Ball-and-Socket Joint Gliding Joint Hip joint Sacroiliac joints Shoulder joint Acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints Between carpals Between tarsals Between facets of adjacent vertebrae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hip bone Head of femur in acetabulum Femur Carpals 16 (a) Ball-and-socket joint (c) Plane joint  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction Shoulder Joint or display. Clavicle Acromion process Subdeltoid bursa Synovial membrane Ball-and-socket Joint capsule Joint cavity Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula Loose joint capsule Bursae Ligaments prevent displacement Very wide range of Humerus movement (circumduction) Articular cartilage 17 Scapula (a)  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction Glenohumeral Joint or display. Joint capsule Joint cavity Head of humerus Articular cartilage Scapula Humerus 18 (b) © Paul Reimann Shoulder Joint Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Acromion process Clavicle Coracoid Coracoid Joint process Clavicle process capsule Coracohumeral ligament Acromion process Subscapular Transverse bursa humeral ligament Tendon of Glenohumeral biceps ligaments brachii Glenoid (long head) labrum Glenoid cavity Humerus Articular capsule Triceps Scapula (glenohumeral brachii ligaments hidden) (long head) Scapula 19 (a) (b) (b) © Paul Reimann  Elbow Joint Hinge joint Trochlea of humerus Trochlear notch of ulna Gliding joint Capitulum of humerus Head of radius Flexion and extension Many reinforcing ligaments Stable joint 20 (a)  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Elbow Joint Humerus Joint capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity Articular cartilage Coronoid process Anular ligament Radius Ulna Olecranon Trochlea process Bones of the Forearm  Elbow Joint Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Humerus Humerus Tendon of biceps Medial Lateral epicondyle brachii muscle epicondyle Anular ligament Radius Anular ligament Radius Olecranon process Radial collateral ligament UlnaCoronoid process Ulnar collateral ligament Ulna (a) (b) 23  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hip Joint Hip bone Ball-and-socket joint Joint cavity Head of femur and Articular cartilage acetabulum of coxa Heavy joint capsule Synovial membrane Many reinforcing Ligamentum capitis ligaments Less freedom of Joint capsule movement than shoulder Femur joint 24 Circumduction (a) Hip Joint  Hip Joint Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hip bone Ilium Ilium Articular cartilage Joint cavity Pubofemoral ligament Head of femur Iliofemoral Pubis Joint capsule ligament Greater Iliofemoral trochanter ligament Femur Ischiofemoral ligament Ischium Lesser Femur trochanter 26 Femur (b) (a) (b) © Paul Reimann  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Knee Joint Femur Synovial membrane Largest joint Suprapatellar bursa Quadriceps femoris tendon Most complex (patellar tendon) Medial and lateral condyles of distal Patella Prepatellar bursa end of femur and Medial and lateral condyles of Joint cavity proximal end of tibia and Articular cartilage Femur articulates anteriorly with Patellar ligament patella Menisci Strengthened by many ligaments and tendons Infrapatellar bursa Menisci separate femur and tibia Joint capsule Bursae Tibia 27 (a) Knee Joint Knee Joint Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Femur Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral condyle Lateral meniscus Articular cartilage Lateral condyle Head of fibula Tibia Fibula 29 (b) © Paul Reimann Knee Joint Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Femur Tendon of adductor magnus (cut) Joint Posterior capsule Femur cruciate Gastrocnemius ligament Plantaris Muscle (cut) Medial muscle condyle (cut) Lateral Tendon of Anterior condyle Oblique semimembranosus cruciate popliteal (cut) Lateral ligament ligament Tibial meniscus Medial Fibular collateral Lateral meniscus collateral ligament condyle Medial ligament condyle Popliteus Fibular Arcuate muscle collateral popliteal cut) ligament Tibial ligament collateral ligament Fibula Patellar Tibia ligament (cut) 30 Fibula Tibia (a) (b) Type Description Example Structure 1. Fibrous No space between bones; bones joined by Joints between cranial fibrous tissue bones 2. Cartilaginous No space between bones; bones joined by Joints between vertebrae cartilaginous tissue 3. Synovial Space (synovial cavity) between bones Most joints in limbs Function 1. Synarthrosis Fixed joint that allows no movement Joints between cranial bones 2. Amphiarthrosis Allows slight movement Joints between vertebrae 3. Diarthrosis Freely movable Shoulder, hip