Introduction To Human Anatomy Spring 2025 PDF

WE MAKE DOCTORS INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY BLOCK I: FOUNDATIONS OF MEDICINE SPRING 2025 Author: Dr. Mariana Dorbecker Watch your actions; for they become habits. Watch your habits; for they become character. Watch your character; for it becomes your destiny. -La...

WE MAKE DOCTORS INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY BLOCK I: FOUNDATIONS OF MEDICINE SPRING 2025 Author: Dr. Mariana Dorbecker Watch your actions; for they become habits. Watch your habits; for they become character. Watch your character; for it becomes your destiny. -Lao Tzu OBJECTIVES 1. Understand the relevance of anatomy in medical practice and its applications in clinical settings. 2. Recognize the standard anatomical position and its significance as a reference in describing the human body. 3. Identify and apply standard anatomical terms for positions, directions, and motions. 4. Describe the anatomical axes and planes, and use them to interpret and describe body orientation. 5. Classify bones and joints based on their structure and function, and understand their role in movement and stability. 6. Develop foundational skills in observing and describing anatomical structures in models, images, or cadavers. WHAT IS ANATOMY? “anatomy” comes from Greek words “ana” (up) and ”tome” (cutting), referring to the practice of dissection used to study internal structures. It involves understanding the physical structure of the human body, including its systems, organs, tissues and cells, as well as their relationships and functions. Basis for the practice of medicine. The ultimate goal is to interpret a clinical observation correctly. Study technique: observation and viasualization, NOT memorization. REGIONAL VS SYSTEMIC APPROACH REGIONAL: each region of the body is studied separately and all aspects of that region are studied at the same time. SYSTEMIC: each system of the body is studied and followed throughout the entire body. SYSTEMIC APPROACH The human body can be divided into Intertegumentary system (dematology) Digestive system (gastroenterology) 12 major organ systems. Skeletal system (osteology) Respiratory system (neumology) Each system Works together to carry Articular system (arthrology) Urinary system (urology) out complex functions. Muscular system (myology) Genital or reproductive system Each system also (gynecology/ andrology) has a field of Nervous system (neurology) Endocrine system study/treatment. Circulatory system (angiology) Immune system (immunology) Cardiovascular system (cardiology) Lymphatic system ANATOMICAL POSITION All anatomical descriptions are expressed in relation to one consistent position, ensuring that descriptions are not ambiguous. Standing upright Head, eyes and toes directed anteriorly Arms to the sides, palms facing anteriorly Feet parallel and close together ANATOMICAL AXES LONGITUDINAL AXIS: Vertical, from cranial to caudal SAGITTAL AXIS: Horizontal, from ventral to dorsal TRANSVERSE AXIS: Horizontal, from left to right ANATOMICAL PLANES TRANSVERSE/AXIAL/HORIZONTAL PLANE: Divides the body/structure into cranial and caudal sections. FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE: Anterior and posterior MID-SAGITTAL (SAGITTAL)/ MEDIAN/ LONGITUDINAL: Right and left SECTIONS The main use of anatomical planes is to describe sections. Anatomical planes Anatomical planes Brain MRI Anatomical planes Thorax CT scan TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP AND COMPARISON  SUPERIOR (CRANIAL): nearer to the head. INFERIOR (CAUDAL): towards the feet or tail region.  POSTERIOR (DORSAL): nearer to the back. ANTERIOR (VENTRAL): front surface of the body.  MEDIAL: near the median plane of the body. LATERAL: farther away from the median plane. DORSUM Superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body. Example: tongue, nose, penis or foot. Also used to describe the posterior aspect of the hand. PALMAR AND DORSAL: HAND DORSUM (POSTERIOR) PALM (ANTERIOR) PLANTAR AND DORSAL: FOOT SUPERFICIAL, INTERMEDIATE AND DEEP PROXIMAL (near) DISTAL (far) TERMS OF LATERALITY BILATERAL Paired structures. UNILATERAL Structures present only on one side.  Right Left IPSILATERAL An organ on the same side of the body as another structure. CONTRALATERAL Right Left Opposite side of the body relative to another structure. TERMS OF Flexion Dorsiflexion Extension Plantar flexion Adduction Abduction MOVEMENT Basic Medial rotation Pronation Lateral rotation Supination Movements Eversion Inversion Always present in Opposition Reposition antagonistic (opposing) Protrusion Retrusion pairs. Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression Secondary Movements: Lateral flexion Circumduction FLEXION AND EXTENSION Generally occur in sagittal planes around a transverse axis. FLEXION: Decreasing the angle between the bones or parts.(bending) EXTENSION: Increasing the angle between bones and body parts. Posterior direction (except knee) ANKLE: DORSIFLEXION AND PLANTARFLEXION DORSIFLEXION: Lift toes off the ground. PLANTARFLEXION: Standing on toes. ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION Generally occur in a frontal/coronal plane around an anteroposterior axis. ABDUCTION: Moving away a body part from the median plane (midline). ADDUCTION: Moving a body part toward the midline. NECK AND TRUNK: LATERAL FLEXION Head and/or shoulders tilt to the right or left side, causing the midline of the body itself to become bent sideways. ROTATION: MEDIAL AND LATERAL ROTATION: Turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis. MEDIAL ROTATION (internal rotation): brings anterior surface of a limb closer to the medial plane (midline). LATERAL ROTATION (external rotation): takes the anterior surface away from the median plane. CIRCUMDUCTION Circular movement that involves sequential combination of movements flexion- abduction extension and adduction (or in the opposite order) Exclusive of ball and socket joints Hip & shoulder PRONATION AND SUPINATION: FOREARM Distal end of the radius (the lateral long bone of the forearm) rotates medially and laterally around and across the anterior aspect of the ulna (the other long bone of the forearm) while the proximal end of the radius rotates in place. PRONATION: palm turns to face downward or backward (posteriorly). SUPINATION: palm turns to face upward or forward (anatomical position). EVERSION AND INVERSION: FOOT EVERSION: moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane, turning the sole laterally INVERSION: moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane (facing the sole medially). OPPOSITION AND REPOSITION: THUMB OPPOSITION: Movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad. REPOSITION: Movement back to its anatomical position. PROTRUSION AND RETRUSION: CHIN, LIPS, TONGUE PROTRUSION: Movement anteriorly (forward). RETRUSION: Movement posteriorly (backward). PROTRACTION AND RETRACTION: SCAPULA PROTRACTION: Anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall. RETRACTION: Posteromedial movment. ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION ELEVATION: Raises or moves a part superiorly. DEPRESSION: Lowers or moves a part inferiorly. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Supportive function Mechanical basis for movement Protective function Storage (calcium and phosphorus) Hematopoiesis SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial skeleton: bones of the head (cranium or skull), neck (hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae), and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum). Appendicular skeleton: bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles. LONG BONES Femur, humerus, ulna, radius, fibula, tibia, metacarpals and phalanges. EPIPHYSIS Proximal and distal end Linear growth of long bones (epiphyseal plate) Articular surface METAPHYSIS Area between epiphysis and diaphysis. DIAPHYSIS Shaft of a long bone (central region) Medullary cavity (bone marrow) SHORT BONES Tarsal and carpal bones. FLAT BONES Scapulae, sternum, ribs and most bones of the skull. SESAMOID BONES Bones that develop within tendons (patella) FUNCTION: Reduce friction of the tendon and excessive wear. IRREGULAR BONES Sacrum, coccyx, vertebrae, mandible, palatine, hyoid and temporal bones. FUNCTIONS: Attachment for tendon of muscles Protection (vertebrae) CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS DIARTHROSIS (FREELY MOVABLE) ARTICULATIONS STRUCTURAL AXIS OF TYPE OF JOINT RANGE OF MOTION EXAMPLES CLASSIFICATION MOVEMENT Humeroulnar joint Hinge joint Flexion and extensión Proximal and distal interphalangeal joints Atlantoaxial joint Uniaxial Pivot joint Internal and external rotation Proximal and distal radioulnar joint Femoropatellar joint HINGE JOINT Plane joint Rotation or linear motion (varies) Facet joints Acromioclavicular joint SYNOVIAL Flexion and extensión Atlanto-occipital joint Intraarticular space Side to side motion Condyloid Joint Radiocarpal joint and cavity Lateral flexion Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) Abd & add Bi axial Flexion and extensión Saddle joint Carpometacarpal joint Abd & add Modified hinge Flexion and extensión Humero radial and ulnar joint joint Internal and external rotation Tibiofemoral joint Multiaxial Hip joint (acetabulofemoral) Ball and socket Circumduction Shoulder joint (glenohumeral) PIVOT JOINT SADDLE JOINT CONDYLOID JOINT MODIFIED HINGE BALL AND SOCKET PLANE JOINT AMPHIARTHROSIS (SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS) STRUCTURAL TYPE DEFINITION EXAMPLES CLASSIFICATION Hyaline Primary: growth plates SYNCHONDROSIS cartilage Costal cartilage CARTILAGINOUS Pubic symphysis SYMPHYSIS Fibrocartilage Intervertebral disca SYNARTHROSIS (FIXED JOINT) STRUCTURAL TYPE DEFINITION EXAMPLES CLASSIFICATION Interosseous membrane Fontanelles of the skull Connective tissue FIBROUS SYNDESMOSIS (children) Thick Vertebral ligaments connective GOMPHOSIS: teeth tissue Bones fused Skull sutures (adults) SYNOSTOSIS together via Sacrum ossification Growth plates (closed)  FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION Humeroulnar joint Hinge joint Flexion and extensión Proximal and distal interphalangeal joints Uniaxial Atlantoaxial joint Pivot joint Internal and external rotation Proximal and distal radioulnar joint Rotation or linear motion Femoropatellar joint Plane joint (varies) Facet joints Flexion and extensión DIARTHROSIS SYNOVIAL Side to side motion Atlanto-occipital joint MOBILE Intraarticular space and cavity Condyloid Joint Lateral flexion Radiocarpal joint Abd & add Bi axial Flexion and extensión Saddle joint Carpometacarpal joint Abd & add CLASSIFICATION OF Flexion and extensión Humero radial and ulnar joint Modified hinge joint ARTICULATIONS Internal and external rotation Tibiofemoral joint Multiaxial Hip joint (acetabulofemoral) Ball and socket Circumduction Shoulder joint (glenohumeral) Primary: growth plates AMFIARTHROSIS SYNCHONDROSIS Hyaline cartilage Costal cartilage LIMITED CARTILAGINOUS MOVEMENT (SEMI Pubic symphysis MOBILE) SYMPHYSIS Fibrocartilage Intervertebral disca Interosseous membrane Connective tissue Fontanelles of the skull (children) SYNDESMOSIS Vertebral ligaments SYNARTROSIS GOMPHOSIS: teeth FIBROUS FIXED Thick connective tissue (NO MOVEMENT) Bones fused Skull sutures (adults) SYNOSTOSIS together via Sacrum ossification Growth plates (closed) BIBLIOGRAPHY Dalley, Arthur F. II and Agur, Anne M. R., "Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 9th Edition" (2023). eTextbooks for Students. Drake, R. L., Vogl, A. W., & Mitchell, A. W. M. (2024). Chapter 1: The body. In Gray's anatomy for students (4th ed.). Elsevier. AMBOSS. (2024). Anatomical terms. AMBOSS. https://www.amboss.com AMBOSS. (2022). Bone tissue & joints. AMBOSS. https://www.amboss.com