Jewish Holocaust Study Guides PDF

126 HI 3190: Holocaust Name Harmon Hann Exam Two. Fall 2024 Section I: Multiple Choice - circle the best answer, @ 2 pts. The Nazi ghettoization program for Polish (and later, other East European) Jews began in 1939 upon orders in a memorandum...

126 HI 3190: Holocaust Name Harmon Hann Exam Two. Fall 2024 Section I: Multiple Choice - circle the best answer, @ 2 pts. The Nazi ghettoization program for Polish (and later, other East European) Jews began in 1939 upon orders in a memorandum attributed to which SS leader? a. Odilo Globocnik. Reinhard Heydrich C. Christian Wirth d. Heinrich Himmler 2. Prior to the outbreak of war in September of 1939, Hitler and German military planners had plans to deliberately begin a war b. Europe's other states had spent most of the 1930s appeasing Germany Germany already had developed a large system of concentration camps All the above ?.The head of the RKFDV, and simultaneously head of the SS, was a. Reinhard Heydrich b. Adolf Hitler Hermann Goering Heinrich Himmler Which of the following factors was probably least important in causing the Allied appeasement of Germany in the 1930s? ? The isolationism caused by the Great Depression b. Sympathy with Hitler and the Nazis Quarrels and divisions among the former Allies d.Hostility to the Soviet Union S. The Nazi military tactic known as the "blitzkrieg' was characterized by a. Cautious advances by infantry along a broad front ? The extensive use of amphibious landings to outflank Russians and other foes (c.) Rapid breakthroughs that coordinated armored and air attacks none of the above 6. Mordechai Anielewicz fought against the Nazis as a. The head of the Jewish Council at Lodz A partisan leader in eastern Europe The head of the Jewish Combat Organization in the Warsaw ghetto A special agent with the British OSS  A. Which of the following is not true? Several nations practiced forced sterilization programs before 1933 Germany had a vocal "right-to-die" movement before the Nazis c. The U.S. Supreme Court supported forced sterilization of the mentally ill d. Germany had legalized abortion-on-demand before the Nazis came to power 8. Which of the following is an example of Nazi "pronatalist" policies?.. taxthe breaks for women who left factory jobs to return to the hom T-4 Program support for doctors who euthanized malformed newborns d. the creation of nurse's committees to assess the health of newborns 9. Nazi propaganda promoting euthanasia and other "negative" eugenic measures usually employed arguments based on Racial theories b. Economic factors c. Christian religious beliefs Both a and c ) Both a and b 10. The largest ghetto in occupied Poland, in terms of the size of its Jewish population, was that at a. W a r s a w b. L o d z C. Breslau d. Cracow 11. Chaim Rumkowski, the controversial head of the Jewish Council in the Lodz ghetto, believed that he could save Jews by Planning a rebellion in conjunction with the Polish Home Army Making the ghetto economically profitable for the Nazis c. Establishing contact with Allied agents d. Ransoming "his Jews" with money from Jewish agencies abroad 12. The most extensive effort at Jewish resistance to the Holocaust occurred in The Sobibor camp rebellion The Warsaw ghetto rebellion The Auschwitz munitions factory rebellion d.? The Sonderkommando rebellion at Treblinka 3. The SS made money from Auschwitz in many ways: The most lucrative was a. The plunder of goods from inmates b. The manufacture of munitions The profit acquired by renting out slave labor to German industrialists The collection of precious metals from dental work 14. The poison gas used at Auschwitz, known as Zyklon-B, was originally developed for use as La. A p e s t i c i d e b. A weapon C. A means of executing convicted capital criminals d.N o n e o f t h e a b o v e 15. Which of the following is not considered as a "death camp"? a. Auschwitz b. Treblinka c. Belzee d. Dachau 16. Which of the following best reflects the strategy used to shape public opinion by Josef Goebbels as head of the Nazi propaganda ministry? a. Saturation of the public media with harsh anti-semitic propaganda b. Offer Germans a diversion from daily life through escapist movies and radio programming c. Use steady, subtle to convince newspapers to provide favorable coverage and censor themselves All the above B and c of the above 17. The Evian Conference, called by Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1938 a. Produced international resolutions designed to bring effective relief to b. Resulted German in Jews an indecisive global response to Jewish persecution in c. Accelerated the process of deporting the Jews from the Soviet Union d. Resulted in a League of Nations condemnation of Adolf Hitler's policies 18. The so-called "General Govemment" was set up by Himmler in order a. ToAs areate a zoneabster zone between of settlement a zi for German trioryfrom settlers andaround the USSR eastern Europe g. AsAs a asort of reservation military settlementfor forunwanted races the eventual attack on the Soviet Union 1. The Occurred fire surewhen dento wai from they were driven andCrete rem ey paratroopers by British is one arTi Was a result of the foiled invasion of Norway Took place when the Russians stopped German troops outside Moscow in December, 1941 d. Took place when Rommel was driven out of North Africa  20. Documentary evidence that the Nazis diberadly planed a war in casen Europe was discovered after the war in a. the Wannsee Protocol & the boshe Mal report and f Novemer, 1937 d. All the above Section II: Essays - Compose a response to one of the following for a maximum of sixty points. Prompts for Exam Two 1. The crucial concern of Christopher Browning's book 'Ordinary Men' implied in the title and concerns the question of is motivation. "How could they do this?" is the underlying question that motivates Browning's entire investigation. Write an essay that answers the question. that. Explain what the motives were for those who participated. To what degree were they driven by fear, or peer pressure, or by career ambition, by racist hatred, or by any and all other motives you might discern in their actions. Consider their own testimony as depicted by Browning, and also his interpretations of the words and actions of the Order Police. Your most important job here is to try to be thorough and to provide evidence in the form of citations that support your contentions about motive. 2. As was mentioned in classroom and in your readings on many occasions, the Holocaust was only pose are Cause an essay uhat explain these things. is he Germany may in the irs or gongars war in the first place, the reasons for the remarkable success of the Germans in the opening years of the war, and the most important consequences for German racial and political plans that came about because of their military successes. 3. Some historians have believed that sites like Auschwitz and Treblinka, designed for the complete beginning ithe Nate of Oper, have argue at eatin aps aros as a response to a tis ey be rid of Europe's Jews, but that they were not conceived of from the beginning. Make an argument for one case or the other: You will want to consider the evolution of Nazi Jewish policy from segregation of the Jews in Germany during peacetime, to resettlement and ghettoization during the early stages of the war, the process of the so-called "Holocaust by bullets" conducted by the SS Einsatzgruppen, to the emergence of the death camps in 1942 and 1943. To you, does the evidence suggest that the Nazis intended to kill all Jews from the very beginning or did they have other plans and only gradually move toward mass murder?  32/40 HI 3190: History of the Holocaust Name Harmon Hann Fall 2024, Midterm One Section I: Objectives, 2 pts. each 1. During most of the Middle Ages, Christian thinkers Argued that the Jews should be exterminated Advocated segregation of the Jews as a living reminder of the consequences of rejecting Christ Engaged in an ongoing cross-cultural, theological dialogue with the Jews All the above 2. Many of Hitlers's ideas about a "global Jewish conspiracy" to subvert civilization came from Houston Stewart Chamberlain Lanz von Liebenfels Richard Wagner The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 3. Which sequence of events is in the proper chronological order? Hitler's chancellorship, Reichstag fire, Enabling Law Hitler's chancellorship, Enabling Law, Reichstag Fire Reichstag Fire, Enabling Law, Hitler's chancellorship 4. The chief consequence of "proportional representation" in the Weimar Republic's Reichstag was the weakness and instability of the German economy the proliferation of small parties and the inability of any of the parliamentary parties to gain a the strengthening of the armed forces in interwar Germany none of the above 5. Hitler's economic recovery plan for Germany between 1933 and 1939 included a dramatic increase in defense spending multilateral trade treaties to open trade with Western Europe and the USA a tightening of the national budget with special attention to holding down debt d. none of the above 6. The Nazi bureaucrat who ran the Reich Ministry of Propaganda and Public Enlightenment, and who engineered public relations for the Nazis, was a. Heinrich Himmler b.) Josef Goebbels c. Albert Speer d. Hermann Goering 7. In general, Hitler's approach to taxation emphasized o, taxi all ince livela of Ger corporation and uge vehe same levels c. regressive tax policies that overburdened the German middle and working classes d. none of the above 8. One of the results of the Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment, was a. gradual emancipation of European Jews from legal restrictions b. the successful entry of Jews into professional life throughout Europe Call or he ascene evest suces an evin Eilingeous - - - _  9. By the term "Gleichschaltung", or "alignment", the National Socialists meant - the creation of a modern constitutional monarchy b. the coordination of all of German society with Nazi goals and views c. creation of a class of leaders who would share power d. the use of terror and subversion to eliminate opposition 10. The event used by the Nazis to pass the "Enabling Act" was a. the Kristallnacht b. the invasion of Poland the remilitarization of the Rhineland the Reichstag fire /1. The event that served as the catalyst for interwar Germany's catastrophic hyperinflation was t hD.ethe the American sonset rejection a c ofr ithe of the League Great Depression andofrising Nations treaty unemployment c. the assassination of Walther Rathenau, the former wartime bureaucrat d) the French invasion and occupation of the Ruhr region 12. Which of the following is an example of Hitler's determination to make ordinary Germans feel that life was getting better under the Nazis? a. His secret plans for war in eastern Europe b. Programs like the KdF, or "Strength through Joy" c. Production of cheap consumer goods like radios d. a and b above (e.b and c above 13. Which of the following did not figure as part of Hitler's "25-Point Plan" program for the Nazi Party? a. redistribution of the land on large estates in eastern Germany b. elimination of citizenship status for German Jews national "alignment", or Gleichschaltung, of the German Christian churches d. confiscation by the state of wartime banking and finance profits 14. After leaving prison in 1924, Hitler successfully reshaped the Nazi party so that a. they were able to combine legal and illegal campaign tactics effectively b. they broadened their appeal by creating a national base c. they adopted a harsher tone of anti-Semitic rhetoric to extend their appeal d. all the above e. a and c of the above f. a and b of the above 15. Germany's 'miraculous' recovery from the Depression under Hitler was primarily due to a. new taxes on the middle class, providing revenue for redistribution to the poor b. financial maneuvering to deflate the currency and balance the national budget C. an aggressive program of massive deficit spending and deliberate growth of debt d. the creation of regional trade agreements with the US and the west European powers Section II: True or False, @ 2 pts. 1. The annual Nazi party rallies at Nuremberg were designed to project an image of German national unity. True 2. The Nazis never received a majority of the vote in a German national election before 1933. True False A Most scholars believe that the Protocols of the Elders of Zion were a forgery, probably produced not by the Nazis, but by the Russian secret police. True False 4. The goal of the National Socialist policy toward the family was to reduce the fertility rate of German women and thus reduce what they saw as Germany's 'overcrowded situation. 5. For the great majority of Germans, National Socialism represented an improvement in their material conditions of life, compared with the pre-Nazi Weimar Republic. True Section IV: Answer one of the following, for a maximum of 60 points. 1. Based on the documents reprinted in Moeller's collection on The Nazi State, describe the Nazi view of the Jews. What did the Nazis claim was the threat that the Jews posed to Germans, and the German state? What were the characteristic qualities of Jews, again, as seen in these documents? 2. Describe the nature of Jewish life in Germany after the Nazis captured control of the state. Describe how Jewish life was altered, and so far as possible, describe some of the ways in which Jews responded to the new conditions. Remember, base your essay as far as possible in the sources. 3. Based on the documents reprinted in the Moeller collection, describe the attitudes and feelings that non-Jewish Germans seem to have had about their state. Answer the following, in particular: What do Germans seem to have hoped they would get from the Nazi rise to power? Did Germans seem to approve or not of the Nazi regime? Do their attitudes show any change or evolution over time, especially after the onset of the war, and, if so, in what way? 4. What did Germans expect from the rise to power of Adolf Hitler? What did he promise them, and how did he try to appeal to German voters and Germans after he was in power? Describe the main points of his program and his domestic achievements.  Study Guide Holocaust: American Interpretation Through the Modern Arts 1. Introduction A. Overview: How the Holocaust has been represented and processed through various forms of modern art, including memorials, books, podcasts, movies, & paintings B. Focus: Understand how art reflects the events of the Holocaust, their impact on culture, and how they influence collective memory and education today II. Memorials: Sculptures & Museums A. Horwitz-Wasserman Holocaust Memorial Plaza 1. Established in 1964 by a group of Holocaust survivors and community leaders "Monument to the Six Million Martyrs" - monument of several burning bodies evoking the burning bush from Exodus, a person is shown holding the Torah, others clench daggers 3. Expanded in 2018 to include a remembrance wall with an eternal flame among other additions B. American Memorial to Six Million Jews of Europe 1. Established in April of 1947 - Adolph R. Lerner, Polish refugee 2. Granite plaque was placed in October of the same year as a cornerstone for the planned monument. Many proposals for the monument were proposed since then, all were rejected for one reason or another. Eventually it was decided that the plaque itself would be the memorial. C. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum  1. The Presiden's Commission on the Holocaust was established by Jimmy Carter, with Elie Wiesel appointed as the chairman. a. Established in April of 1993 b. Exhibits include a history of the Holocaust starting at the rise of the Nazi party under Hitler to their fall in 1945, followed by the testimony of Holocaust survivors playing on a loop. Another noteworthy addition is "Daniel's story"- An exhibit meant to explain the holocaust to young children originally curated by a Holocaust scholar named Isaiah Kuperstein. Other exhibits include replicas of the railcars used by the Nazis and the gate outside the concentration camps, as well as the Tower of Faces. III. Literature A. Understanding Literature & Processing the Holocaust: different perspectives a) Introduces stories & analyze what death means at this scale B. Holocaust Literature Analysis 1. The Age of Atrocity: Death in Modern Literature by Lawrence Langer a) Contend with the presence of death - forcing people to face the unthinkable and reimagine death in new ways C. Primary Literature 1. Original/firsthand accounts - can include media such as diaries or letters a) Common in classrooms - analyze on their own D. Secondary Literature  1. Analyze primary sources, include further research, and provide contextualization a) Understand the "why" behind action & show the after-effects of the Holocaust that may not be as visible in primary literature E. Historical Fiction 1. Draws on historical settings/facts with fictional elements a) Entertainment aspect - Draws in people less interested in history & humanzies historical moments through stories IV. Podcasts A. Podcasts offer a modern, accessible way to engage with Holocaust history and survivor testimonies. B. Examples: 1. Those Who Were There: Voices from the Holocaust 2. We Share the Same Sky 3. The Memory Generation C. Analysis and Impact 1. Podcasts provide a unique perspective, keeps memories alive for new generations, addresses sensitive topics, balances historical accuracy with emotional storytelling, helps listeners connect emotionally to history, and encourages active engagement with difficult topics. V. Movies  A. Film as a storytelling medium for representing Holocaust experiences and educating audiences about historical events while raising awareness for the emotional and psychological impacts the holocaust had on people. B. Schindler's List - (1993) - Oskar Schindler saved thousands of Jews lives by keeping them employed in his factories. 1. Sparks conversations about morality, conspiracy, and heroism during unspeakable tragedy. C. The Boy in the Striped Pajamas - (2008) - Nazi officer's son befriends a Jewish boy in a prison camp and sneaks in to save him but ends up finding himself and his friend in a gas chamber. 1. Sparks conversations about how children are affected by tragic events, and their innocence as well as empathy for others. D. The Pianist - (2002) - Despite the tragedy that Wladystaw Szpilman faced when being sent to Warsaw Ghetto, he remained hopeful through his piano music while evading being captured by Nazis. He relied on the kindness of strangers to hide and feed him and ultimately survived. 1. Shows the impact that art can have during tragic times, and the hope it brings. V I. Paintings A. Lama Sabachthani, "Why have you forsaken me?" a. Morris Kestelman - Jewish immigrant family in 1922; Royal College of Arts b. News of the murders of Jews started in Britain in the 1940s - created painting showing a group of jews in despair being forgotten or forsaken by God  Surrounded by loss and devastation, standing among burning buildings and heaps of unburied remains ii. Women are positioned directly in the middle of the frame - some appear to have given up in despair & others lift their arms, pleading with God B. "Prisoners Carrying Cement" a. Bill Spira - Austrian cartoonist/forger - helped artists & intellectuals escape Nazi persecution. i. Deported in 1942 and imprisoned to many labor camps - Blechhammer i i. Drawn while being imprisoned - shows the prisoners working carrying cement while the guards are on duty ill. Traded their artworks with POWs, civilian workers and the SS in exchange for goods C. "Death pits" a. Leslie Cole - artist at the Royal College of Art in London & teacher at Hull College of Art in 1937 i. Salaried war artist - recording the aftermath of the war b. Shows the suffering of human beings & former SS guards collecting and throwing corpses into death pits as uniformed British troops look on VII. Conclusion A. The arts provide varied & evolving ways to process and remember the Holocaust B. We can better understand how the Holocaust is represented, its continued cultural impact, and the role of memory in preventing future atrocities Group: Carter Aldredge, Kaetlynn Campbell. Hudsön Gonklina, Lauren Dungan, Kvndall Ferguson STUDY GUIDE FOR CLASS 1: Trials: - Dachau - Belsen. ,.. - Mauthausen - Tokyo 1tae do c1e08e amle and - Riga - Werner Rhode - Frankfurt Auschwitz ,70,12 1. Dachau: 210ir7S; ? 1945-1948 ? Introduced witness testimonies and evidence about the Nazi hierarchy ? Covered crimes committed by German officials against POWs, ? Prosecution of Nazi war criminals Dachau camp and other camps 09 451L 92 ? United States vs. Martin Godfried Weis & others 1 6 : N 0 First trials 40 officials from the camp ? Charges involves crime against POWs and crimes against humanity Nearby camps involved as well ? 1,672 people tried, 1,416 convicted  Several life and death sentences II. Belsen: ? Held by British Military courts in Lüneburg ? 1 9 4 5 Persecution of Nazis in Bergen-Belsen & Auschwitz camps ? Jospeh Kramer "Beast of Belsen" ? One of many officers charged with war crimes ? Irme Grese, another infamous officer charged ? Notable for first hand witnesses ? Startling testimony ? Writing and photographs revealing gruesome evidence ? Variations of verdicts 2321. 31 ? Life sentences ? Death sentences ? Other prison terms C.51 1 8 E 4 1 1 Y III. Mauthausen: i l b e n t p a r a t m e a t s o u n d ? 1946-1947 elenita ? Conducted by the U.S. military ? Prosecuted personnel from the Mauthausen camp in Austria ? War crimes Slave labor  ? Murder ? Abuse ? Defendants o S.S. officers and personnel ? Guards ? Medical personnel ? Testimony 12010 ? Mass shootings ? Camp conditions ? Gas chamber operations ? Most defendants were convicted ? Several death sentences A neto re'em. : e s p e t o d a ? Highlighted brutality 10: S59K C a r r e r o e a IV. Tokyo: ? International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) ? Total of 28 Japanese leaders tried :.9000 ? Judges and prosecutors from 11 different countries.." ? ? Includes USA, China, Soviet Union ? Emperor Hirohito not prosecuted 13311 1 1 2 4 ? Has caused controversy ? 7 out of 28 defendants sentenced to death.: +7 ? Includes Prime Minister Hideki Tojo :. 1 8 1 0 2 0  o 16 got life in prison ? Helped develop "command responsibility" V. Riga: ? Soviet held in Latvia ? Prosecuted Nazis ? Nazi collaborators 1 b n 0 s c 6 d ? War crimes 10 190.860 so ? Focused on action against Jews ? Liquidation of Riga ghetto Massed ? Witness testimony ? Evidence committed by Latvian collaborators and Nazis ? Sentencing o Many death sentences snudi: nethioner aini s ? Others: Lifetime sentences neost told: ? Underscored massive scale of Holocaust in Baltic states. VI. Werner Rhode: 920.1199-1904n0900ryy! ? Former SS Officer ? Served at the KZ Natzweiler-Struthof camp ? Was implicated for gassing the prisoners!?! ? Also involved in pseudo-medical experiments  ? Was tried and convicted in Natzweiler-Struthof trials ? Was held by the French military ? Highlighted use of medical experimentation on unwilling subjects ? Sentenced to death and executed in 1946 V I I. Frankfurt-Auschwitz: ? West Germany, 1963-1965 ? Prosecution of mid-level S.S. officers ? Focused on accountability of administrative personnel (different than other trials) ? Focused not specifically on high-level leadership ? Turning point in German public consciousness ? Highlighted to the public the contents of the Holocaust ? Noteable Defendants ? Former S.S. officers ? Operation of gas chambers ? Mass murder logistics ? These trials led to various prison sentences ? Remembered for shaping Germany's postwar responses Alexis Schultz Hannah Thompson Gavin Reners Riley Schultz Justin Schassburger Study Guide: Nazi Holocaust Medical Experiments Overview 1. Experiments took place between 1942-1945 a. Camps 2. Why 3. Different Experiments Historical Context 1) Racial Purity a) Nazi Ideology of Race: i ) Racial Makeups: Characteristics, attitude, abilities, and behavior. ii) Physical appearance, structure, mental life, and military prowess. i i i ) Race: Stereotypes, group appearance, behavior, and culture. iv) Survival of the fittest: Ability to reproduce. v ) Racial Hygiene: 2) Eugenics a) Charles Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection b) "Positive" Eugenic Efforts "Healthy Individuals" ii) "Better Families" Types of Medical Experiments 1.Twin Experiments a. Josef Mengel "Angel of Death"  Chief Camp Physician i. "Inferior" People ii. ii. Interest in Twins b. Before the camps i. Took place in 1930s ii. Consent c. Rationale for Mengele's Experiments i. Eugenicist d. Mengele's Role i. The "Ramp" ii. Conditions e. The Experiments i. Never receive consent ii. Measurements iii. Experiments Conducted 2. Physiological Experiments a. Goals of the Experiments i. Support of Pseudoscientific Racial Theories i. Examining Human Response iii. Finding Cures b. Three main experiments c. 1933 Law d. Pharmaceutical Testing i. Injections ii. Outcome of the Injections e. Other Experiments Survivors 1. VIDEO - Survivor Speaks about his time in a camp 2. Words from Survivors a. Ms. G  4 2 a. b. Ms. B Ethical Violations 1. Nuremberg Code a. Overview b. Four Different Counts c. Prosecution's Case d. Background of the Code i. 1947 Draft ii. 1931 Guidelines e. Key Principles i. Voluntary Consent i. Scientific Validity jii. Minimize Harm iv. Right to Withdraw Lasting Impact 1. The Hippocratic Oath Violation 2. Modern Genetics a. CMATH 3. Relevance to Modern Practices a. Bioethics b. Codes of Ethics c. Medical Education d. Human Rights e. Societal Factors f. Ethical Pressures Conclusion 1. More survivors than people killed a. 70,000-100,000 b. 23 Doctors and Medical Professionals tried c. Research on body parts d. Human Rights