History 175 Final Doc PDF

History 175: Final Consolidation Doc Files Parts (Going from memory, correct me if Im wrong.) 1. ID’s 2. Timeline 3. Two Thematic Essays (NOT document based) ENTIRE COURSE FAIR GAME Midterm 1 Prep Link Midterm 2 Prep: Link Final Prep: Official Notebook LM (GOATED) January 30th, 1933...

History 175: Final Consolidation Doc Files Parts (Going from memory, correct me if Im wrong.) 1. ID’s 2. Timeline 3. Two Thematic Essays (NOT document based) ENTIRE COURSE FAIR GAME Midterm 1 Prep Link Midterm 2 Prep: Link Final Prep: Official Notebook LM (GOATED) January 30th, 1933 Adolf Hitler was sworn in as the Chancellor of Germany Crucial turning point in Germany and the World His plan was to make Germany a one-party state- another superpower of the world, along with the expansion of the country and his Nazi regime Came to power during the Great Depression after the loss of WWI ○ When Hitler came to power so did the Nazi party, beginning the takeover and Aryanization of their country Aryanization Aryanization of Jewish Property (1935-1937) Theft of Jewish assets- in Germany Jews had already faced large amounts of economic discrimination - however now they were forced (but labeled “voluntary”) to accept an Aryan partner or sell their business to an Aryan  In 1933 Jewish Assets were taken- around 10-12 billion Reichmarks and by 1938 around 5-6 billion Reichsmarks were taken- this forced Jews to accept partners as they could no longer afford to run the business themselves By this time 50% of doctors in Berlin were Jewish- as well the Nazis made moves to prevent Jews from attending medical school- now those seats would be filled by Aryans ○ They needed to wait to Aryanize medicine because most doctors were Jewish- after the period of which new Aryan doctors completed medical school- Then Jewish doctors could be forced out. Nuremberg Laws (September 15th, 1935) 1) Reich Flag Law- Jews could not fly a Swastika flag 2) Reich citizenship law- full German- racializing Jews allowing only German and “Kindred” (german-adjacent/aryan-passing countries) blood to be considered citizens 3) Law of for Protection of German Blood and Honor- based on the belief that Jews stood to make Aryan blood impure a) Law against intermarriage i) Before the ban 27% of marriages were intermarriage between Jews and Germans b) The idea of the Mischling (someone of mixed racial ancestry) i) Nuremberg Law Chart (1) 2nd class mischling: 1 Jewish grandparent (2) 3rd class mischling: 2 Jewish grandparents (3) 4th class mischling: 3-4 Jewish grandparents Anschluss (1938) Annexation of Austria on March 12, 1938 Hitler was Austrian- Austria became a part of a “Greater Germany” From this annexation, the Nazi regime/Germany acquired 200,000 Jews Jews were publically humiliated during this time- with an example being that they were forced to scrub the streets of Vienna In Vienna, the property transfer office was now run by Nazis- 500 employees were then hired to process theft of Jewish Property ○ 7,000 Jewish businesses were stolen → Jews were forced out of the economy Kristallnacht (Nov. 9th, 1938) Night of broken glass (because the shattered glass was all over the street), a nationwide pogrom Hitler and Goebbels (the Chief of Propaganda for the Nazi party) waited to notify Germany about Herschel Grynszpan’s shooting of the German Diplomat in France- holding the announcement until the Diplomat died 2 days later  ○ For a very long time, the Nazi party wanted to hold a Pogrom against the Jews but they needed to wait for the right time/a reason to do so - this event gave them a reason ○ They called for “spontaneous” demonstrations against Jews- which led to Kristallnacht This was a widespread (nationwide) pogrom- mass participation including that of Teachers and their young students ~7,500 Jewish shops were ransacked, thousands of synagogues desecrated and hundreds burned, 91 Jews killed and many more committed suicide, 30,000 Jews were rounded up and put into concentration camps ○ The first demonstration of Jews being rounded up and sent to camps for strictly being Jewish - based on race instead of political affiliation Herschel Grynszpan Polish Jew born in 1921 (died 1944) ○ Part of a large group of Jews who fled from Poland - Herschel fled to France but 17,000 other Jews fled to Germany (including Herschel’s parents) these Jews were then expelled out of Germany and into a patch of no man's land between Poland and Germany Worried about his parents' wellbeing as when they fled Poland they left behind their people and had no wealth to try and flee out of the no man's land they were sent to, on November 7th, 1938 Hershcel went in and Shot a German Diplomat who was working at the Germany Embassy in France ○ Hitler withheld the information from the public until the Diplomat died, informing people 2 days later on November 9th, 1938 which sparked military propaganda and “spontaneous demonstrations” against the Jews which then led to Kristallnacht Joint Distribution Committee Founded on November 27, 1914 in America Established to render aid for Jews in Eastern Europe during WWI but used throughout time During Hitler’s rise, the party’s aim was to support Jews in Nazi-occupied areas, prioritizing emigration aid and the fleeing of Jews ○ They provided shelter, food, medical care, and travel accommodations like visas in efforts to flee the uprising violence Evian Conference (July 6-13, 1938) Located in France ○ Jews wanted to escape from their horrible conditions- causing a refugee problem Conference called by Roosevelt in regards to the refugee problem as mass amounts of Jews were desperate to leave (~38,000 left)  US and Britain have a deal and don’t take any Jews → neither do other countries ○ Britain had already made its mandate in Palestine which prevented Jews from moving in The two big superpowers of the world- the US and Britain were not going to take Jews in- as well no other countries were prepared/wanted to take Jews in Countries either wanted to get rid of Jews/ refused to let them in Einsatzgruppen Around the summer of 1941 Soldiers Invaded the Soviet Union, which violated the non-aggression movement between Germany and the Soviet Union Invasion of the Soviet Union of 3 million men Death squads of German Soldiers during the 1940s (mass killing of Jews) ○ Made Jews dig their own graves and would shoot/kill Jews all-day ○ Chose to photographically document and make records of who were killed (want to boast to the world that they were the ones who ended the Jews) recorded their names and occupations- shot from sun up to sun down By the Winter of 1941 Einsatzgruppen killed around a quarter of a million Jews Babi Yar Located in now Kyiv, Ukraine Site of Large massacres carried out by Nazi German forces during their invasion of the Soviet Union ○ It is estimated that around 100,000-150,000 people were murdered at Babi Yar during the German occupation ○ Relation to the several Einsatzgruppen groups who invaded the Soviet Union Emanuel Ringelblum (1900-1944)- Polish Historian Lived in the Warsaw ghetto- smuggled later to the Aryan side and survived ○ He was captured during the uprising and then he was shot and killed Documented daily life in the Warsaw Ghetto ○ Providing the best record that we have of the ghetto…documented the mundane events Created the Oyeng Shabbes (Pleasures of the Sabbath) → burying the records Member of Po’ale Tsiyon (Workers of Zion)- sparking his devotion to the Yiddish language and history of Judaism and its people - preserving the Jewish culture Oyneg Shabes (Sabbath Delight) Starting in 1939 and Assembled by Emanuel Ringelblum, this was to serve as an archive for Jewish Ghetto Life  ○ He sent people into Ghettos to collect data and information, interviewing the residents about their lives and the conditions they must live in and collecting artifacts and documents along the way Stored several buried milk jugs in Warsaw, with information serving as a time capsule preserving Key details surrounding Jewish life in Nazi Germany. Judenrat Located in Ghettos during the 1930s, the Council of Jewish Elders → Used by Nazis to carry out dirty work and sow distrust in the community and used the council as scapegoats Responsible for housing, food, education, etc. Forced to provide maps of the ghetto, census of Jews, information, money, etc. to Nazis Nazis forced Jewish council to provide various numbers of Jews to be sent to death camps ○ Tore away Jewish Society Abba Kovner From Germany (1918-1987) A Jewish Partisan Leader- part of the Vilna Ghetto in Lithuania Wrote a manifesto, and was one of the first people to clock that the target of the Holocaust was to murder all Jews ○ He also attempted to start a Ghetto uprising in Vilna but it was unsuccessful Moved to Israel and became a poet and writer Adam Czerniaków Born in Warsaw, Poland (1880-1942) Was a highly regarded member of the Jewish community, a Polish engineer and senator who the Nazi chose to head the Warsaw Ghetto Made to do the Nazi’s dirty work, providing huge sums of money and people (for deportations) for Nazis ○ Ordered to provide Jews for concentration camps- meaning he had to choose people - handing over older individuals and kids ○ Had to supply 6,000 people per day and if he didn’t comply 100 hostages would be killed including his wife ○ Could not get an exemption for the children of an orphanage and killed himself with a cyanide pill…his suicide note mentioned that the Nazis were forcing him to kill the children of his people and that he could not do it Driving a huge wedge in Jewish communities- tearing its very fabric away Had to implement the Policy of Forced starvation- causing the deaths of tens of thousands of Jews Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (April 19th, 1943) April 19, 1943, Warsaw, Poland German Troops entered the Ghetto to deport the remaining Jews into extermination camps ○ 700 Jews (young fighters) fought back, along with civilian resistance. ○ During this fight around 7,000 Jews died from fighting back or hiding 7,000 were captured and sent to concentration and death camps The Germans squashed the resistance by May 1943 taking the remaining Jews to camps (42,000) Mordechai Anielewicz From Poland (1919-1943) Leader of the Jewish combat organization during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ○ The largest Jewish resistance movement during WWII ○ 700 fought, 7,000 died, 7,000 captured, and 42,000 deported ○ Inspired other rebellions in Ghettos and extermination camps Wannsee Conference (1942) Held in Berlin: January 20, 1942 Until this time the Einsatzgruppen Killed around 1.5 million Jews- this took up a lot of resources ○ Decided to build death camps instead of hunting Jews down 30,000 slave labor camps were created 1,150 Jews Ghettos, and 980 concentration camps 6 death camps were created- all located in Poland ○ Decide the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” Outlined Aktion Reinhard at the conference and was met with enthusiasm and agreement This conference also served as important because it was the first moment when every agency of the Third Reich had a seat at the table- able to decide on the ongoings of the party and what was to pursue Adolf Eichmann (1906-1962) Germany German Nazi who organized train timetables It was Germany’s number 1 priority to exterminate Jews- organizing times tables even during active war to transport Jews to labor and death camps He participated in the Wannsee Conference where the Final Solution to the Jewish Question was implemented through his transportation efforts of moving Jews into camps and Ghettos Aktion Reinhard March 1942-November 1943 Nazi Germany implemented a plan to systematically murder Jews in the General Government (German-occupied Poland) ○ 2 million Jews lived there They established 3 killing centers from this (Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka) ○ Murdering around 1.7 million Jews in killing centers and mass shootings ○ Deadliest phase of the war Zyklon B Trade name for a cyanide-based pesticide invented in Germany This product was later used in Nazi extermination camps to murder Jews ○ The chemical was used to murder around 1.1million Jews in extermination camps beginning in 1942 This method was a lot cheaper than mass shootings, more efficient for the Nazis, and less mentally taxing on Nazi soldiers Exposure to such a chemical, while efficient to the Nazis was also a form of torture toward the Jews ○ Already the gas chambers were extremely packed causing for there to be a lack of oxygen to start with ○ This chemical would take around 10-20 minutes to be lethal, with effects of Dizziness, gasping for breath, intense physical pain, confusion, an increased heart rate, and sometimes even seizures. DP camps From 1945-1952 in American Occupied Germany After the Holocaust, Jews returned to Germany but had nothing, around 250,000 Jews moved into Displaced Persons camps ○ These camps provided goods and serviced to Jews who had absolutely nothing These Jews were not survivors of the Holocaust, but rather Jews who fled from Nazi-occupied areas and into places such as the Soviet Union- evading it ○ Most who moved into these camps were Jews from Poland ○ As well, Jews ran these camps, Germans were not allowed These camps provided necessities to Jews, creating school systems for youth, and Jobs that allowed them to earn wages Understanding that Jews needed to rebuild their population and reconstitute as a people lots of marriages in these camps took place, and high birth rates followed Once these camps ended- most of the Jews left and went to places like Israel, but 30,000 individuals stayed Kielce pogrom July 4th, 1946 Poland  After the Holocaust, Jews went back to Poland, this was not to rebuild but to find family members who may have returned- in hopes of being reunited ○ During the Holocaust, Poles moved into Jewish unoccupied homes- causing a fear that when these Jews were returning they had the intention to take back their homes and rebuild their communities- not the case This pogrom was sparked by false allegations accusing Jews of blood libel- Ritualistic murdering of Christians ○ Igniting the intense antisemitism into a violent pogrom- murdering 47 Jews They survived the Holocaust and all its horrors, returning to find family, only to be murdered by the never-ending intense antisemitism they experienced from/survived through ○ Those who survived this pogrom now understood there truly was no life for them in Poland- no future for them Yom Ha’atzmaut (Israel’s Independence Day)/Nakba May 14th, 1948 Increasing tensions, Arab nations attacked Israel due to the idea of occupation and land Israel had ○ For Palestinians the war was called Nakba- describing the catastrophe of losing the war ○ From winning the war Israel wound up acquiring even more land, around 20% more- counter-intuitive because land disagreements were what started the war This gave them access to Jerusalem- previously occupied by Jordan After winning the war, Israel expelled around 700,000 Palestinians, which made up for the original influx of Jews moving into Israel which was also around 700,000 Jews Operation Magic Carpet (1949-1950) Bringing 49,000 Yemenite Jews into Israel This greatly diversified the communities in Israel, bringing new Jews into a place that would not discriminate against them solely based on being Jewish They had nothing when they came over, meaning they lived in deplorable conditions ○ Separate from some refugees who came from the Holocaust who may have had small wages due to laboring for Nazis- or had family who already lived in Israel ○ There was both a financial and educational setback Operation Ezra and Nehemiah (1950-1951) Around 120,000-130,000 Iraqi Jews were transported to Israel ○ This is due to Jews being exiled from the Middle East After the establishment of the State of Israel, the Iraqi government made it illegal for Jews to leave the country and be Zionists ○ In 1950, Israel passed the Law of Return which stated that any Jewish immigrants who came to the state of Israel would be granted citizenship and there were negotiations with the Iraqi government to allow Jews to leave