ITIS Final Exam Review December 2023 PDF

ITIS Final Exam Review Exam Date : Monday, December 9 @ 7-9 PM Final Exam Information - Covers Chapters 8 to 13 + 3 tech guides - 50 Multiple Choice questions - 1 Short answer ( 2 to choose from) you will need to discuss every subtopic for whichever option you choose. Chapter 8 C...

ITIS Final Exam Review Exam Date : Monday, December 9 @ 7-9 PM Final Exam Information - Covers Chapters 8 to 13 + 3 tech guides - 50 Multiple Choice questions - 1 Short answer ( 2 to choose from) you will need to discuss every subtopic for whichever option you choose. Chapter 8 Cloud computing- the type of computing that delivers convenience, on demand, pay as you go access for multiple consumers to a shared of IT, resources that can be shared access over the internet 4 Different types of cloud - Public - Private - Hybrid - Vertical Types of services on the cloud - Infrastructure: - Platform as a service: - Software as a service: Examples of Cloud: Salesforce, gmail , dropbox and etc Characteristics of cloud: on demand, convenience Scalability: using or getting rid of a resource depending on when you need it, could vary by the season or demand Wireless Technologies Technology: wireless, mobile computing, mobile commerce, the internet of things( IoT) In contrast, mobile is something that changes its location over time Some wireless networks, such as MiFi, are also mobile. Others however, are fixed. For example, microwave towers form fixed wireless networks. Mobile computing involves a real time, wireless connection between a mobile device and other computing environments Mobile commerce involves e-commerce transactions that are conducted with a. Mobile device The Internet of things ( ubiquitous computing) means that virtually every object has processing power with wireless or wired connections to a global network. Smart fridge, smart doorbell, smart lights, smart watch, etc. A sensor that is capable of sending signals to connect to internet Three major advantages 1. Small enough to easily carry or wear 2. Sufficient computing power to perform productive tasks 3. Communicate wirelessly with the internet and other devices One major disadvantage for businesses: Workers can capture and transmit sensitive confidential or proprietary information Smartphones are part of dematerialization: functions of many devices are included in one physical device ( so some devices “disappear” Advantages of Dematerialization 1. Sustainability, Convenience , Cheaper Wireless Transmission Media Wireless media- transmit signals without wires ‘ Major types of wireless media channels: Microwave tower Satellite tower Radio tower They are propagated using electromagnetic waves Each microwave tower must have a clear line of sight usually 64 km away from each other and it passes the signal on. The three basic types of telecommunication systems Geostationary earth orbit (GEO) Middle earth orbit (MEO) Low earth orbit(LEO) GEO ( Geostationary Earth Orbit) Orbit: 35,900 km # of Satellites: 8 Use: TV Signal - Longer lasting than other satellites  - Few satellites needed for global coverage - Most expensive to build and launch MEO ( Middle Earth Orbit) Orbit: 10,350 km # of Satellites: 10-12 Use: GPS Less expensive Moderate orbital life(6-12 years) LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Orbit: 640 m to 1.12 km # of Satellites: Many Use: Telephone, internet Move rapidly relative to point on earth Large number needed for global coverage Least expensive Short range Wireless Networks Medium range wireless networks Wide area wireless Networks Bluetooth is an example of short range wireless networks , it is a small personal area network(PAN’s) Ultra Wideband (UWB) is a high bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 mbps. Example: streaming multimedia from, say, a personal computer to a television. Allows firefighters to detect people behind walls or in smoke filled environments with zero visibility Near field communications (NFC) has the smallest range of any short range wireless network. It is designed to be embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards Example: Tapping to pay at the store Medium range wireless networks Wireless Fidelity (Wifi) Wireless Local Area network(WLAN) Wireless access point Hotspot WLAN which is basically a wired lan but without the cables. In a typical configuration, a transmitter with an antenna, called a wireless access point , connects to a wired LAN or to satellite dishes that provide an Internet connection. Mobile computing Two major characteristics: Mobility Broad reach Mobility and broad reach create five valuer added attributes =: Ubiquity Convenience Instant connectivity customization Localization RFID - devices that have a transmitter omitted them , once a RFID tag is placed, it can uniquely identify itself. Ex: barcodes uniquely identify items Chapter 9 Social Computing - IT that combines with social behaviour IS to create value Social commerce: The use of social computing in business Weblog: personal website, open to public, creator expresses their feelings or opinions on different products or topics Blogger: people who create and maintain blogs- write stories, reviews, convey news, and provide links to other articles and websites that are of interest. Wiki’s- A website where anyone can post material and make changes to already posted material. They have an “edit” link on each page that allows anyone to add, change or delete material Social networking sites allow users to upload their content to the weh in the form of text , through voice such as podcasts. Enterprise social networks - Business oriented social networks can be public( 3rd party owned), private( in-house, behind the firewall) Mashup- a website that allows you to collect things from different websites to create new themes Users can display their own data on a google map on their own website. Examples: Store locations, available ,apartments etc. Fundamentals of social computing What is social commerce? It’s a subset of E- commerce that involves social online media that supports social interaction and commerce. It involves using social media. Networks in e-commerce transactions. It insists on buying and selling products and services online. Collaborative Consumption Collaborative consumption includes: collaborative production, crowdfunding, and peer to peer lending Pros: self management, variety, flexibility and positive environmental impact Cons: Law and regulatory adjustments resources and pay issues, no employee benefits or protection Web 3.0- based on “ intelligent” web applications using natural language processing, machine based learning and reasoning, and intelligence applications Semantic Web- a component of Web 2.0 that describes things in a way that computers can understand The semantic web An evolutionary path to artificial intelligence - learning systems( AI) use large data sets to make predictions, discover new patterns in behaviour and provide insight into problem diagnosis The realization of the semantic web and SOA SOA ( service oriented architecture) is a collection of digital online services that communicate with each other Chapter 10 Operating systems software and Application Software Information Systems within the organization FAIS - Functional Area IS Enterprise Resource Systems - ERP TPS- Transaction processing systems A transaction is a business event that is worth being captured or being recorded in a database. Ex: a product manufactured, a service sold, and a payroll cheque generated.  Form inputs for all IS ( BIP, ERP, etc. ) Once you have transactions, your systems will generate reports TPS is designated to capture transactions, it is the monitoring, collection, storage and processing of data generated by each of the organization's basic business transactions and are usually critical to their functioning. TPS collects data continuously, in real time ,as soon as the data is generated and it provides the input data for the corporate databases. FAIS- Functional Area IS FAIS supports the various functional areas in an organization by increasing each area's internal efficiency and effectiveness. They often provide information in a variety of reports. Used for supporting various subunits or various functional areas in an organization , help increase the internal efficiency and internal effectiveness. IS for accounting and finance IS for marketing IS for Production/ Operations IS for HR Managing financial transactions Global stock exchanges Managing multiple currencies Virtual close Expense management automation (EMA) VMI- Vendor managed inventory -allows for business and managers to keep information of their stock to keep up with transactions and available products. If Walmart is supposed to have 1000 pop bottles, if they get down to only 300, the VMI will automatically reorder and track the stock. Quality control Planning production and operations Computed Aided Design or Manufacturing ( CAD or CAM) IS for MR management Recruitment HR development HR planning and management  Payroll and employees records Benefits administration Employee relationship management Reports Condensed , summarized or aggregate information that is provided to potential users , could be in graphs, summated numbers, in text or pictures. Routine reports are produced at scheduled intervals ( hourly quality control, daily reports on absenteeism rates) Non- routine or Ad Hoc( On demand) reports: “Drill Down reports” display a greater level of detail “ Key- Indicator reports” summarize the performance of critical activities “” Comparative reports” may compare, for example performances or different business units or of a single unit during different time periods. Exception periods include only information that falls outside certain threshold standards or criteria. KPI- key performance indicator- measurable reports or measurable detail of an activity , does not include general statements of success such as” being the best” must be measurable such as being the best in offering sales or lowest return rates. Critical success factors are statements of intents Exception reports are produced to contain information that falls outside a certain threshold or standard. Ex: BrockU has 20,000 students, to maintain the number, they must have 10,000 recruitments, for that report. If they have an enrollment of 10,000 students in a year. The system will give an alert if it reaches a threshold value. When you go below your threshold from what you expect you will be alerted. ERP systems or holistic view of the overall organization by integrating all the business units or departments units in that organization ERP 2 is done in a web enabled environment to make connections Two components Core ERP modules Financial management Operations management HR management Extended ERP modules SCM  CRM- customer relationship management E business BI EAI- Enterprise Application Integration system integrates existing systems by providing software TPS can be carried out using two processes Batch processing - collects data from transactions in batches (ex: If you are a builder, companies will sell wood to you in pallets or skids. Online transaction processing(OLTP) - it occurs in an online environment and is stored in real time as you are buying. Virtual close- FAIS has the ability to close the books at any time Chapter 11 CRM and SCM CRM: treat customers differently. Because their needs differ and their value to the company may also differ Customer intimacy Lifetime value Customer churn Customer intimacy is a customer centric strategy in which an organization strives to build a lasting personal relationship with their customers by customizing its offerings to meet its exact needs and wants Customer churn refers to a certain percent of customers that a business loses in the course of their operations. Lifetime Value refers to the value a customer offers to a business in purchases over time including the loyalty of the businesses and future purchases. CRM systems is a philosophy that organizations have CRM strategy is what is used in processes Low end CRM- CRM systems tools used by an organization to serve needs of small business High end CRM-CRM systems used to serve the needs of big businesses Customer touchpoint refers to the various means/ interactions a consumer has with an organization Data consolidation using a data warehouse enables: 360 degree view of a customer, collaborative CR, customer identity management Data warehouses store data as QR codes to categorize the data Components of a CRM system Operational CRM systems Support front office business processes Front office processes are those that directly interact with customers; that is, sales, marketing and service Two major components of operational CRM Customer touching- applications that allow you as a business on your own that allow you to interact to a business Customer facing applications Customer service service and support (CIC) and call centres Salesforce automation(SFA) Marketing Customer service and support Customer service and support systems that automate service requests, complaints, product returns and requests for information. Sales force automation Contact management system Sales lead tracking system Sales forecasting system Product knowledge system Configurators - filtering online products on nike for example ( filter for green or navy hoodie) Marketing Data mining tools are used to develop customer purchasing profiles that could lead to: Cross selling: is the marketing of additional related products to customers based on a previous purchase ( guns and ammo, screen and pc, rims and tires) Up selling: is a sales streaky in which the business provides to customers the opportunity to purchase higher value related products or services in place of , or along with, the consumers initial product or service selection ( upgrading to first class, purchasing a better version of an iPhone with different options : more storage, speed) Bundling is a form of cross selling in which a business sells a group of products or services together at a price lower than their combined individual prices Benefits of operational CRM systems Efficient and personalized marketing, sales and service A 360 degree view of each customer The ability of sales and service employees to access a complete history of customer information with the organization, regardless of the touch point. Customer touching application (e- CRM) In customer touching applications , customers interact directly with online technologies and applications rather than interact with a company representative. Customers typically can use these applications to help themselves. Search and comparison capabilities Technical and other information services Customized products and services Personalized web pages FAQs Email automated response Supply chain management Five basic components of SCM The push model versus the pull model Problems along the supply chain Solutions to SC problems The push vs pull model Push model - make to stock Pull Model- Make to order- a business does not start the production until they have received the order from the customer. Solutions to supply chain problems  Vertical integration Using inventories to solve supply chain problems * Building inventories * Just in time for(JIT) inventory system Information sharing Endorsement managed inventory (VMI) Walmart IT support for SCM Electronic data interchange (EDI) XML based web services Extranets Portals and exchanges Emerging technologies: Robotics, drones, autonomous (driverless) vehicles and 3D printing Extranets Use virtual private network ( VPN) technology - joints together two or more internets Three major types of extranets: A company and its dealers, customers, or suppliers An industry’s extranet Joint ventures and other business partnerships Portals and exchanges Two basic types of corporate portals Procurement portals( sourcing portals) for a single buyer and multiple suppliers Distribution portals: for multiple buyers with a single supplier. Chapter 12 BA( Business Analytics)- refers to the skills, technologies and practices used for exploring and investigating past business performances to gain insight and drive business opportunity. BI ( Business Intelligence)- refers to a set of strategies , techniques, tools, applications, technologies and procedures that are used for collecting, storing and analyzing data used for a company’s activities.BI is a broad term encompassing business analytics, process analysis, text mining, performance management and benchmarking. Process analysts Text mining Performance management Beige Marketing OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) DSS Data mining Web mining BI refers to the information collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitions, partners and inspirations that are analyzed for patterns, trends, and relationships that can enhance and analyze. Benchmarking is the practice of comparing your organization to a comparable peer or competitor. BA tools Multidimensional analysis ( also called OLAP) Data mining Decision support systems (e.g, MS Excel) Statistic procedures: descriptive stats OLAP- Online analytical processing is a technology that organizes large business databases and supports complex analysis. It can be used to perform complex analytical queries without negatively affecting transactional systems. Data Mining is the process of finding anomalies, patterns and correlations within large data sets to predict outcomes. Data mining has several types, encoding pictorial data mining, text mining, social media mining, web mining, audio, and video mining amongst others. DSS- Decision support with Spreadsheets are computerized programs used to support judgements and courses of action in an organization. DSS sifts through and analyzes massive amounts of data, compiling comprehensive information that can be used to solve problems and in decision making. Statistical procedures involve the use of data to test relationships between two or more statistical data sets Statistical techniques: Estimation analysis, Cluster analysis and Classification analysis. Descriptive analytics summarizes what has happened in the past and enables decision makers to learn from past behaviours. Predictive analytics examines recent and historical dat to detect patterns and predict future outcomes and trends. Examples of fields where data mining( predictive analytics) applications are used : Retailing and sales, manufacturing and production, insurance and police work, health care, marketing and weather. Prescriptive analytics goes beyond descriptive and predictive models by recommending one or more courses of action and identifying the likely outcome of each decision. Presentation tools: - Dashboards provide easy access to timely information direct access to management reports. - Characteristics include: User- friendly, supported by graphics; enables management to examine exception reports and drill down into detailed data. Geographic information systems - Geographic information systems provide computer based systems for capturing, manipulating and displaying data using digitized maps. - They enable geocoding; every record has an identified geographical location. A Decision is a choice among two or more alternatives that individuals and groups make. Decision making is a systematic process. Economist Herbert Simon(1977) described decision making as composed of three major phases: intelligence design and choice, followed by implementation and evaluation. Why managers need IT support  - The number of alternatives is constantly increasing - Most decisions must be made under time pressure - Most decisions are becoming more complex - Decision makers and the information can be situated in different locations. Problem Structure deals with where the decision making processes fall along a continuum ranging from highly structured to highly unstructured decisions. Structured: Inventory Control ; Semi- Structured; Evaluating employees; Unstructured: New Services Nature of decisions Operational Control: involves executing specific tasks efficiently and effectively Management Control: involves decisions concerning acquiring and using resources in accomplishing organizational goals Strategic planning: involves decisions concerning the long range goals and policies for growth and resource allocation. Examples of BI tools: SAS(Analytics software) , IBM( SPSS software), SAP(SAP BI software), Microsoft( Power BI software) Chapter 13 Strategies for Acquiring IT Applications Fundamental decisions in acquiring IT applications oHow much computer code does the company want to write? oHow will the company pay for the application? oWhere will the application run? Purchase a pre written application Customize a prewritten application Lease the application Application service providers (ASP) and Software-as-a- Service (SaaS) vendors Use open-source software  Outsourcing End-user development Advantages and Limitations of the Buy Option Advantages Many different types of off-the-shelf software are available. The company can try out the software before purchasing it. The company can save a lot of time by buying rather than building. The company can know what it is getting before it invests in the product. Purchased software may eliminate the need to hire personnel specifically dedicated to a project Disadvantages Software may not exactly meet the company’s needs. Software may be difficult or impossible to modify, or it may require huge business process changes to implement. The company will not have control over software improvements and new versions. Purchased software can be difficult to integrate with existing systems. Vendors may discontinue a product or go out of business. Software is controlled by another company with its own priorities and business considerations. The purchasing company lacks intimate knowledge about how and why the software functions as it does. Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) stages Systems Investigation or Planning Systems Analysis Systems Design Systems Programming Systems Testing Systems Implementation Systems Maintenance Systems development life cycle (SDLC)-The overall process for developing information systems. The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Team  Users Systems analysts Programmers Technical specialists Top management (i.e., directors) SDLC: Systems Investigation/Planning Establishes a high-level plan of the intended project and determines project goals Brainstorming takes place at this phase. Three basic solutions are deal with: ○ Do nothing and continue to use the existing system unchanged; Modify or enhance the existing system; Develop a new system Feasibility studies (Technical, Economic, Behavioral) are carried out Steering committee provides support for the project. Change agent is chosen SDLC: Systems Analysis- Involves systems analysts examining and analyzing end-user business requirements and refining project goals into defined functions and operations of the intended system. SDLC: Systems Design- Describes how the system will resolve the business problem. Establishes descriptions of the desired features and operations of the system including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudo code, and other documentation. Deliverable- A set of technical system specifications that specify: System outputs, inputs, calculations or processing, and user interfaces Hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, personnel, and procedures A blueprint of how these components are integrated SDLC: Systems Programming Involves taking all of the detailed design documents from the design phase and transforming them into the actual system. Programming: translating the design specifications into computer codes Programming languages are used to create the programs/systems. SDLC: Systems Testing Involves bringing all the project pieces together into a special testing environment to eliminate errors and bugs, and verify that the system meets all of the business requirements defined in the analysis phase. Testing: assesses whether the computer codes written for the program produce the expected and desired results. It is intended to detect errors or debug computer codes. SDLC: Systems Implementation Implementation (i.e., deployment): the process of converting from an old computer system to a new one. Involves placing the system into production so users can begin to perform actual business operations with it. Implementation or conversion strategies: Direct conversion Pilot conversion Phased conversion Parallel conversion SDLC: Systems Maintenance Involves performing changes, corrections, additions, and upgrades to ensure the system continues to meet its business goals. It is required to keep a computer system running properly. There are four types of corrections. Alternative Methods of Systems Development Joint application design (JAD) Rapid application development (RAD) Agile development - SCRUM End-user development DevOps Joint Application Design (JAD) Joint application design is a term originally used to describe a software development process pioneered and deployed during the mid-1970s. JAD is a popular fact-finding technique that brings users into the development process as active participants. Rapid Application Development (RAD) RAD is a methodology for fast application production using an iterative software development process. It uses continuous user feedback. It focuses on producing swift prototypes. Alternative Methods of Systems Development – Agile development Agile development is a broad term that refers to any project management methodology that uses an iterative and flexible approach. Scrum is an agile team collaboration framework commonly used in software development and other industries. Scrum prescribes teams to break work into goals to be completed within time-boxed iterations, called sprints. Each sprint is no longer than one month and commonly lasts two weeks. The scrum team assesses progress in time-boxed, stand-up meetings of up to 15 minutes, called daily scrums. Scrum prescribes teams to break work into goals to be completed within time-boxed iterations, called sprintsEach sprint is no longer than one month and commonly lasts two weeks. The scrum team assesses progress in time-boxed, stand-up meetings of up to 15 minutes, called daily scrums. Alternative Methods of Systems Development – End-user development End-user development (EUD) or end-user programming (EUP) refers to activities and tools that allow end-users – people who are not professional software developers – to program computers or develop their own programs. Microsoft Excel is probably the most widely used end-user development application. Workers around the world make use of functions, macros, and other tools every day. Simple video game engines like RPG Maker are accessible to non-programmers. A variety of tools collectively known as “no code” platforms make it possible to develop apps without programming knowledge of any kind. Alternative Methods of Systems Development – DevOps DevOps – It is a combination (and a portmanteau) of the terms and concepts: "development" and "operations“. DevOps is a methodology in the software development and IT industry. It uses a set of practices and tools to automate the work of software development (Dev) and IT operations (Ops) to improve and shorten the systems development life cycle SDLC focuses on how the application is designed and built; DevOps aims to shift ownership of each application's production environment away from traditional IT teams and into the hands of the developers; This allows developers to focus on automating as many build, test, and release processes as possible.