Italian Unification Notes.docx

Italian Unification: 1. after revolutions of 1848 - - - - 2. COV- ignored Nat.- idea of unified Italy laughable 3. Nationalists- secret societies- goal to get rid of Austria´s army 4. after 1848- Nat. party new leaders- Sardinia kingdom 5. Count Camillo Cavour- PM of Sardinia und...

Italian Unification: 1. after revolutions of 1848 - - - - 2. COV- ignored Nat.- idea of unified Italy laughable 3. Nationalists- secret societies- goal to get rid of Austria´s army 4. after 1848- Nat. party new leaders- Sardinia kingdom 5. Count Camillo Cavour- PM of Sardinia under King Victor 6. Crimean War (1853-56)- broke the COV balance of power 7\. War of 1859- \- war went well for Cavour \- Napoleon III got concerned about possible Prussia becoming involves- made a seperate peace treaty with the Austrians at Villafranca, July 1859 \- Cavour disappointed with results- Piedmont got Lombardy & Nice; Venetia stayed with Austria; Tuscany, Modena, Parma (*Central Duchies)* remained with Hapsburgs \- Italian unification seemed to have stopped- was revived in the Central Duchies - voted to join Piemont-Sardinia & not Napoleon- Cavour won the Central Duchies & only needed Venetia to complete unification \- this demonstrates that Europe was concerned with German/Italian unification- war remained a vital tool 8\. Naples, Southern Italy and the Papal States- Giuseppe Garibaldi -1860- rebellion in Sicily ag. Bourbon rulers- local class concerns instead of Nat \- led by radical republicans- Cavour nor Napoleon III had any sympathy \- Garibaldi was sympathetic and provided 1,000 volunteers to help and liberate Sicily \- Gar won control of Sicily -Cavour became alarmed with Gar success- afraid Gar would start war ag. France or Austria- 9\. Completing Unification- areas not included yet- Rome, Venetia, unredeemed Italy \- Napoleon´s troops had Rome and Austria had Venetia \- needed help from 1 or more European powers \- opportunity- Prussia/Austian war- Bismarck hoped for Italian military support & would support Italy´s claims to Venetia \- Italy suffered greatly in war but Prussia won- Venetia given to Italy \- Rome- Franco Prussian war- Italian army had Rome and gave Vatican City to Pope First time since Roman Emp Italy was united! Problems afterwards- ´We have made Italy; now we must make Italians.´Massimo d´Azeglio 10\. N & S divided- pol, soc, econ -S thought they were 2^nd^ class citizens and were resentful of N -Industry was in the N- S was reluctant for agriculture reforms \- N dominated pol culture- Victor Emanuel III was from N house of Savoy and now was king of a united Italy- other parts of the country were resentful \- loyalty to local regions hindered \- poor communication and transportation hindered more -Nat was an ideal of the middle-class intelluctuals more than the whole country \- still some Italian-speaking territories outside the Italian State- unredeemed Italy- Trentino in Austrian control and cities of Fiume and Trieste along Adriatic coast- these territories became imp in the platform of Italian Nationalist parties