IT ; module 6.pptx

DISCOVERING COMPUTERS 2018 Digital Technology, Data, and Devices Module 6 Computing Components: Processors, M...

DISCOVERING COMPUTERS 2018 Digital Technology, Data, and Devices Module 6 Computing Components: Processors, Memory, the Cloud, and More Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Objectives Overview (1 of 2) Describe the various computer and mobile device cases and the contents they protect Describe multi-core processors, the components of a processor, and the four steps in a machine cycle Identify characteristics of various personal computer processors on the market today, and describe the ways processors are cooled Describe what is meant by the Internet of Things Explain the advantages and services of cloud computing Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Objectives Overview (2 of 2) Define a bit, and describe how a series of bits represents data Explain how program and application instructions transfer in and out of memory Differentiate among the various types of memory Describe the purpose of adapter cards and USB adapters Explain the function of a bus Explain the purpose of a power supply and batteries Describe how to care for computers and mobile devices Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Inside the Case (1 of 4) The case contains and protects the electronics of the computer or mobile device from damage Figure 6-1 Cases for computers and mobile devices are available in a variety of shapes and sizes Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Inside the Case (2 of 4) Figure 6-2 This figure shows typical components in a higher-end desktop and laptop. Many basic desktops have integrated video and sound capability, similar to the laptop image shown here. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Inside the Case (3 of 4) The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer – A computer chip is a small piece of semiconducting material, usually silicon, on which integrated circuits are etched Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Inside the Case (4 of 4) Figure 6-3 A desktop motherboard and a laptop motherboard. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors (1 of 9) The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more separate processor cores Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors (2 of 9) Figure 6-4 Most devices connected to the computer communicate with the processor to carry out a task. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors (3 of 9) The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), another component of the processor, performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors (4 of 9) For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle Figure 6-5 This figure shows the steps in a machine cycle. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors (5 of 9) The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations – The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors (6 of 9) The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors (7 of 9) A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to malfunction or fail Require additional cooling – Heat sinks – Liquid cooling technology – Cooling pads Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors (8 of 9) Figure 6-6 This photo shows a heat sink being attached to the top of a processor to prevent the chip from overheating. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors (9 of 9) Figure 6-7 A laptop cooling pad helps reduce heat generated by a laptop. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Cloud Computing Home and business users choose cloud computing for a variety of reasons – Accessibility – Cost savings – Space savings – Scalability Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Data Representation (1 of 4) Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off – Most computers are digital – The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)  Bits and bytes Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Data Representation (2 of 4) Figure 6-8 The circuitry in a computer or mobile device represents the on or the off states electronically by the presence or absence of an electronic charge. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Data Representation (3 of 4) Figure 6-9 Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer or mobile device. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Data Representation (4 of 4) Figure 6-10 This figure shows how a letter is converted to binary form and back. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory (1 of 12) Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data Stores three basic categories of items: – The operating system and other programs – Applications – Data being processed and the resulting information Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory (2 of 12) Each byte resides temporarily in a location in memory that has an address Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes (GB) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory (3 of 12) Computers and mobile devices contain two types of memory: – Volatile memory  Loses its contents when power is turned off  Example includes RAM – Nonvolatile memory  Does not lose contents when power is removed  Examples include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory (4 of 12) Figure 6-12 This figure shows how program and application instructions transfer in and out of RAM. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory (5 of 12) Two common types of RAM exist: – Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – Static RAM (SRAM) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory (6 of 12) Table 6-1 common DRAM Variations Name Comments SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) Synchronized to the system clock Much faster than DRAM DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) Transfers data twice, instead of once, for each clock cycle Faster than SDRAM DDR2 Second generation of DDR Faster than DDR DDR3 Third generation of DDR Designed for computers with multi-core processors Faster than DDR2 DDR4 Fourth generation of DDR Faster than DDR3 RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) Much faster than SDRAM Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory (7 of 12) RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots Figure 6-13 Memory modules contain memory chips. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory (8 of 12) Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data Figure 6-14 Memory cache helps speed processing times when the processor requests data, instructions, or information. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory (9 of 12) Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions – Firmware Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory (10 of 12) Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten – CMOS technology uses battery power to retain information when the power to the computer is off Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory (11 of 12) Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory – Measured in nanoseconds Figure 6-15 It takes about one-tenth of a second to blink your eye, in which time a computer can perform some operations 10 million times. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory (12 of 12) Table 6-2 access Time Terminology Term Abbreviation Speed Millisecond ms One-thousandth of a second Microsecond µs One-millionth of a second Nanosecond ns One-billionth of a second Picosecond ps One-trillionth of a second Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Adapters (1 of 4) An adapter card enhances functions of a component of a desktop or server system unit and/or provides connections to peripheral devices – Sound card and video card An expansion slot is a socket on a desktop or server motherboard that can hold an adapter card Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Adapters (2 of 4) Table 6-3 adapter cards Type Purpose Bluetooth Enables Bluetooth connectivity MIDI Connects to musical instruments Modem Connects to transmission media, such as cable television lines or phone lines Network Provides network connections, such as to an Ethernet port Sound Connects to speakers or a microphone TV tuner Allows viewing of digital television broadcasts on a monitor USB Connects to high-speed USB ports Video Provides enhanced graphics capabilities, such as accelerated processing or the ability to connect a second monitor Video capture Connects to a digital video camera Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Adapters (3 of 4) With Plug and Play technology, the computer automatically can recognize peripheral devices as you install them Figure 6-16 Cards inserted in expansion slots on a desktop motherboard. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Adapters (4 of 4) A USB adapter enhances functions of a mobile computer and/or provides connections to peripheral devices Figure 6-17 A USB adapter inserts into a USB port on a computer or mobile device. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Buses (1 of 3) A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with one another – Data bus – Address bus Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Buses (2 of 3) Figure 6-18 Just as vehicles travel on a highway, bits travel on a bus. Buses are used to transfer bits from input devices to memory, from memory to the processor, from the processor to memory, and from memory to output or storage devices. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Buses (3 of 3) A computer might have these three types of buses: – System bus – Backside bus – Expansion bus Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Power Supply and Batteries (1 of 2) The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power Figure 6-19 Examples of desktop power supply and laptop AC adapter. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Power Supply and Batteries (2 of 2) Mobile computers and devices can run using either a power supply or batteries Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries Figure 6-20 Rechargeable batteries for mobile computers and devices. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Summary Various components inside computers and mobile devices Types of processors, steps in a machine cycle, and processor cooling methods Advantages and services of cloud computing How memory stores data and various types of memory Adapters, buses, power supplies and batteries Ways to care for computers and mobile devices Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.