GED 101 E Week 2 CPU & Memory PDF

DISCOVERING COMPUTERS 2018 Digital Technology, Data, and Devices Computing Components: Processors, Memory, and More...

DISCOVERING COMPUTERS 2018 Digital Technology, Data, and Devices Computing Components: Processors, Memory, and More Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Objectives Overview Describe the various computer and mobile device cases and the contents they protect Describe multi-core processors, the components of a processor, and the four steps in a machine cycle Identify characteristics of various personal computer processors on the market today, and describe the ways processors are cooled Describe what is meant by the Internet of Things Explain the advantages and services of cloud computing Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Objectives Overview Define a bit, and describe how a series of bits represents data Explain how program and application instructions transfer in and out of memory Differentiate among the various types of memory Describe the purpose of adapter cards and USB adapters Explain the function of a bus Explain the purpose of a power supply and batteries Describe how to care for computers and mobile devices Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Inside the Case The case contains and protects the electronics of the computer or mobile device from damage Figure 6-1 Cases for computers and mobile devices are available in a variety of shapes and sizes Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Inside the Case Figure 6-2 This figure shows typical components in a higher-end desktop and laptop. Many basic desktops have integrated video and sound capability, similar to the laptop image shown here. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Inside the Case The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer – A computer chip is a small piece of semiconducting material, usually silicon, on which integrated circuits are etched Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Inside the Case Figure 6-3 A desktop motherboard and a laptop motherboard. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more separate processor cores Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), another component of the processor, performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle – Fetch – Decode – Execute – Store Figure 6-5 This figure shows the steps in a machine cycle. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Click icon to add picture Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations – The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to malfunction or fail Require additional cooling – Heat sinks – Liquid cooling technology – Cooling pads Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors Figure 6-6 This photo shows a heat sink being attached to the top of a processor to prevent the chip from overheating. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Processors Figure 6-7 A laptop cooling pad helps reduce heat generated by a laptop. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Data Representation Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off – Most computers are digital – The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)  Bits and bytes Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Data Representation Figure 6-8 The circuitry in a computer or mobile device represents the on or the off states electronically by the presence or absence of an electronic charge. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Data Representation Figure 6-9 Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer or mobile device. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Data Representation Figure 6-10 This figure shows how a letter is converted to binary form and back. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data Stores three basic categories of items: – The operating system and other programs – Applications – Data being processed and the resulting information Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory Each byte resides temporarily in a location in memory that has an address Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes (GB) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory Computers and mobile devices contain two types of memory: – Volatile memory  Loses its contents when power is turned off  Example includes RAM – Nonvolatile memory  Does not lose contents when power is removed  Examples include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS (Complimentary metal oxide semiconductor) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory Figure 6-12 This figure shows how program and application instructions transfer in and out of RAM. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots Figure 6-13 Memory modules contain memory chips. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data Figure 6-14 Memory cache helps speed processing times when the processor requests data, instructions, or information. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions – Firmware Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten – CMOS technology uses battery power to retain information when the power to the computer is off Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory – Measured in nanoseconds Figure 6-15 It takes about one-tenth of a second to blink your eye, in which time a computer can perform some operations 10 million times. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Memory Table 6-2 access Time Terminology Term Abbreviation Speed Millisecond ms One-thousandth of a second Microsecond µs One-millionth of a second Nanosecond ns One-billionth of a second Picosecond ps One-trillionth of a second Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Adapters An adapter card enhances functions of a component of a desktop or server system unit and/or provides connections to peripheral devices – Sound card and video card An expansion slot is a socket on a desktop or server motherboard that can hold an adapter card Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Adapters Table 6-3 adapter cards Type Purpose Bluetooth Enables Bluetooth connectivity MIDI Connects to musical instruments Modem Connects to transmission media, such as cable television lines or phone lines Network Provides network connections, such as to an Ethernet port Sound Connects to speakers or a microphone TV tuner Allows viewing of digital television broadcasts on a monitor USB Connects to high-speed USB ports Video Provides enhanced graphics capabilities, such as accelerated processing or the ability to connect a second monitor Video capture Connects to a digital video camera Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Adapters With Plug and Play technology, the computer automatically can recognize peripheral devices as you install them Figure 6-16 Cards inserted in expansion slots on a desktop motherboard. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Adapters A USB adapter enhances functions of a mobile computer and/or provides connections to peripheral devices Figure 6-17 A USB adapter inserts into a USB port on a computer or mobile device. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Power Supply and Batteries The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power Figure 6-19 Examples of desktop power supply and laptop AC adapter. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Power Supply and Batteries Mobile computers and devices can run using either a power supply or batteries Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries Figure 6-20 Rechargeable batteries for mobile computers and devices. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.