Information Technology Lecture 02 PDF

1 Information Technology Lecture __ 02 Information Technology 10/21/2024  Computer System 2...

1 Information Technology Lecture __ 02 Information Technology 10/21/2024  Computer System 2 Hardware Software Data Users Input Output System Units Units Units Power Mother Storage Supply board Units Information Technology 10/21/2024  3 Motherboard  A motherboard (also called the mainboard or system board) is the central circuit board in a computer.  It connects and allows communication between the various hardware components of the system.  All critical components such as the Central Processing Unit (CPU) , memory, storage devices, and peripherals connect to the motherboard, making it the foundation of the entire system. Information Technology 10/21/2024  4 Motherboard Components  CPU Socket  Heat Sinks and Fan Headers  Expansion Slots PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) slots are used to connect expansion cards such as: Graphics cards (GPUs). Network cards. Sound cards. Random Access Memory (RAM) Slots Information Technology 10/21/2024  5 Motherboard Components…  Network Interface Card (NIC)  BIOS Chip: The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) chip stores the firmware, a type of low-level software that controls the boot process and hardware initialization before the operating system loads. The BIOS also allows users to configure hardware settings like boot order, voltage, and clock speeds.  CMOS Battery: The CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) battery powers the real-time clock (RTC) and stores basic settings like date, time, and system configuration even when the computer is powered off. Information Technology 10/21/2024  6 Motherboard Components…  I/O Ports (Input/Output Ports): Located on the back panel of the motherboard, these ports provide connectivity for peripherals and include: USB Ports: For external devices like keyboards, mice, and external drives. Ethernet Port: For wired network connections. Audio Ports: For sound input/output (microphone, speakers). Video Ports: For connecting monitors (e.g., HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA). PS/2 Ports (legacy): For older keyboards and mice. Information Technology 10/21/2024  7 Motherboard Components…  Chipset: The chipset controls data flow between the processor, memory, and peripherals. It is divided into two parts: Northbridge: Connects high-speed components like the CPU, RAM, and graphics card. Southbridge: Manages slower components like PCI slots, USB ports, and SATA connections. Information Technology 10/21/2024  8 Motherboard Components…  Storage Connectors (SATA): SATA (Serial ATA) connectors are used to connect storage devices such as HDDs (Hard Disk Drives), SSDs (Solid State Drives), and optical drives. Information Technology 10/21/2024  9 CPU Components  Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Performs all arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and logical operations (comparisons, AND, OR operations). It is crucial for executing instructions that involve calculations and decision-making.  Control Unit (CU) Directs the processor's operation. It manages the data flow within the CPU and coordinates the activities of all the other components. The control unit interprets instructions from memory and translates them into control signals to execute the operations.  Registers Small, high-speed storage locations within the CPU hold temporary data and instructions currently being processed. Registers provide quick access to frequently used data and instructions, significantly speeding up processing. Information Technology 10/21/2024  10 CPU Components  Cache Memory A small amount of high-speed memory inside the CPU stores frequently accessed data and instructions to reduce access time. Reduces the time it takes for the CPU to access data from the main memory (RAM).  BUS Manages data transfer between the CPU and other components like memory and input/output devices through a system bus Ensures efficient communication and data flow between the CPU and other parts of the computer.  Clock Provides the timing signals that synchronize all the operations within the CPU. The clock speed, measured in hertz (Hz), determines how many cycles the CPU can perform per second. A higher clock speed generally means better performance, as the CPU can execute more instructions in a given time frame. Information Technology 10/21/2024  11 Storage Units Classification Based on Location Classification Based on Volatility Classification Based on Technology Classified based on its categorized based on the Volatility refers to whether proximity to the CPU and its underlying technology used for memory retains data after the role in the data processing storage power is turned off. hierarchy. Volatile Memory Magnetic Memory Primary Memory Semiconductor Memory Non-Volatile Memory Secondary Memory Optical Memory Flash Memory Information Technology 10/21/2024  12 Classification Based on Location Primary Storage Units Secondary Storage Units Main memory Provides larger, more permanent storage for user data, Critical for system performance and speed, serving as applications, and operating systems temporary working memory Slower and is not directly accessed by the CPU Directly accessed by the CPU for processing data for processing Random Access Memory (RAM):high-speed, Hard Disk Drive (HDD) temporarily store data that is actively being Solid-State Drive (SSD) processed by the CPU Compact Disk(CD) Read-Only Memory (ROM): Holds essential Digital Video Disk(DVD) data that is not meant to be modified, such as USB Flash Drives the system's firmware (BIOS), which is used to boot up the computer. Cache Memory Register Information Technology 10/21/2024  13 Classification Based on Volatility Volatile Memory Non-Volatile Memory Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is Non-Volatile memory retains data even after power is switched off turned off. RAM ROM Cache Memory All Secondary Storage Register Information Technology 10/21/2024  14 Classification Based on Technology Magnetic Memory Semiconductor Memory Optical Memory Flash Memory Data is stored magnetically Memory made from Data is stored on discs and Uses electrical charges to on a spinning disk or tape. semiconductor materials read using laser technology store data in flash cells. HDD RAM CD SSD ROM DVD USB Flash Drives SD Cards Information Technology 10/21/2024  15 Sorting Storage Units Storage Units by Speed (Fastest to slowest) Storage Units by Size (Smallest to largest) Register Register Cache Cache RAM RAM SSD Optical Drives (CD/DVD) HDD SSD Optical Drives (CD/DVD) HDD Information Technology 10/21/2024  16 Assignment  Compare between  Types of Cache Memory  Types of Processors in the Market and their Cache Memory  HDD and SSD Information Technology 10/21/2024  17 Multiple Choice Questions 1) What is the primary function of the CPU's Control Unit (CU)? a) Perform arithmetic and logical operations b) Store temporary data c) Direct the processor's operations and manage data flow d) Provide power to the system 2) Which of the following is classified as non-volatile memory? a) RAM b) Cache Memory c) Register d) ROM Information Technology 10/21/2024  18 Multiple Choice Questions 3) Which component of the motherboard is responsible for controlling the flow of data between the processor and memory? a) BIOS chip b) CPU socket c) Chipset d) Expansion slots 4) Which storage unit has the largest capacity in typical consumer systems? a) RAM b) HDD c) SSD d) Register Information Technology 10/21/2024  19 Multiple Choice Questions 5) Which of the following types of memory loses its contents when the power is switched off? a) a) ROM b) b) HDD c) c) RAM d) d) DVD Information Technology 10/21/2024  20 True/False 1. Cache memory is a slower type of storage than RAM. False 2. The BIOS chip stores low-level software and controls the boot process. True 3. Optical drives like CDs and DVDs use semiconductor memory for storage. False 4. Volatile memory retains data even when the computer is powered off. False 5. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations within the CPU. True Information Technology 10/21/2024  21 Matching 1. ALU a) High-speed memory that stores frequently accessed data 2. Cache Memory b) Controls data flow between the processor, memory, and peripherals 3. Chipset c) Performs arithmetic and logic operations 4. BIOS Chip d) Stores low-level software used to control the boot process 5. SATA Connector e) Connects storage devices like HDDs and SSDs 1 c) 2 a) 3 b) 4 d) 5 e) Information Technology 10/21/2024