IT ERA FINALS REVIEWER (Cloud Computing) PDF

Summary

This document provides an overview of cloud computing, including definitions, features, benefits, and different deployment models. It also covers common services and applications related to cloud computing.

Full Transcript

IT ERA FINALS REVIEWER resource access, storage location, and control levels. Common models include: GROUP 6: CLOUD COMPUTING...

IT ERA FINALS REVIEWER resource access, storage location, and control levels. Common models include: GROUP 6: CLOUD COMPUTING o Public Cloud: Resources are owned  Definition: Cloud computing provides on- and managed by a third-party demand access to shared computing provider and shared among multiple resources, including servers, storage, and users. Examples: AWS EC2, Google applications, over the internet. It offers App Engine, Salesforce. flexibility, scalability, and cost efficiency, allowing users to scale resources up or down o Private Cloud: Resources are as needed and pay only for what they use. dedicated to a single organization and can be hosted on-premises or by  Key Features: a third-party provider. Examples: o On-demand self-service: Users can VMware vSphere, Red Hat access resources without human OpenShift, SAP Business ByDesign. interaction. o Hybrid Cloud: A combination of o Broad network access: Resources public and private cloud are accessible over the network. environments, allowing data and applications to be shared between o Resource pooling: Resources are them. Examples: Microsoft Azure pooled to serve multiple users, with Stack, Heroku, Microsoft Dynamics different physical and virtual 365. resources dynamically assigned according to demand.  Cloud Services: o Rapid elasticity: Resources can be o Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): rapidly provisioned and released, Provides access to fundamental scaling up or down as needed. computing resources like servers, storage, and networking. Users have o Measured service: Resource usage control over the operating system is monitored and metered, providing and applications. transparency for billing and optimization. o Platform as a Service (PaaS): Offers a platform for developing and  Benefits: deploying applications, abstracting o Reduced infrastructure costs: away the underlying infrastructure Eliminates the need for on-premises management. hardware. o Software as a Service (SaaS): o Enhanced disaster recovery: Data Delivers software applications over backup and recovery solutions are the internet, accessed through a web simplified. browser or mobile app. Users do not manage the underlying infrastructure o Improved collaboration: Enables or software. remote teams to work together effectively.  Applications: o Greater accessibility: Resources o Data Backup and Disaster can be accessed from any location Recovery: Cloud storage enables with internet connectivity. efficient data backups and simplifies disaster recovery processes.  Deployment Models: Cloud deployment models define how cloud services are o Big Data Processing and hosted, managed, and deployed, impacting Analytics: Cloud platforms offer scalable resources for handling, applications in voice recognition, processing, and analyzing large image analysis, etc. datasets. o Data Integration for AI: Large data o Application Development and repositories for feeding AI and ML Testing: Provides environments for models, driving insights and developing, testing, and deploying automation applications without the need for physical infrastructure. EDGE AND CLOUD COMPUTING: o Data Storage and Management: Offers flexible and scalable storage o Edge Computing: Processes data solutions, eliminating the need for on- closer to its source, like IoT devices premises hardware management. or local servers, reduces latency and bandwidth usage, making it ideal for real-time applications like CLOUD COMPUTING AND DATABASES: autonomous vehicles, industrial machinery, and healthcare o Cloud Databases: Storage of monitoring, where immediate data databases in the cloud, allowing processing is crucial. scalability, flexibility, and access to managed database services. o Cloud Computing: Provides centralized data storage, scalable o Database as a Service (DBaaS): computing power, and advanced Cloud-based databases managed by analytics over the internet, making it providers, offering reduced ideal for non-time-sensitive tasks like maintenance and flexibility (e.g., data storage, large-scale analytics, Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL) and business applications. o Data Lakes and Data Warehouses: o Edge and Cloud Integration: Cloud platforms for storing, Integrating edge and cloud analyzing, and processing large computing into a hybrid model datasets. Examples: AWS Redshift, leverages the strengths of both Google BigQuery. approaches. Edge computing o Real-Time Database Processing: handles tasks requiring minimal Enables real-time data handling for delay, while cloud computing applications like financial manages long-term storage, transactions, IoT, and retail o Enterprise Resource Planning ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE (AI) AND MACHINE (ERP) Systems: Cloud-based ERP LEARNING (ML): systems provide centralized management of core business o AI/ML Model Training and Hosting: processes. Examples: SAP, Oracle Scalable resources for building, ERP Cloud. training, and deploying AI models. CLOUD ACCOUNTS: o AI as a Service (AIaaS): Cloud providers offering machine learning  Enable access to cloud services and storage frameworks and AI tools (e.g., Azure solutions via the internet. Features include AI, Google AI Platform). cloud data storage, synchronization across devices, file sharing, and collaboration tools. o Natural Language Processing and Examples: Google Account, iCloud, Image Recognition: Access to Dropbox. advanced AI capabilities for LMS and CRM: o Learning Management System o Vendor Lock-In and Migration (LMS): Software for delivering online Challenges: Switching cloud courses, tracking student progress, providers can be difficult due to and generating reports. Ex. USeP differing systems, making data UVE migration complex. Moving data or storing it locally again can lead to o Customer Relationship issues, including potential data loss. Management (CRM): Software that manages customer interactions, analyzes data, and automates tasks GROUP 7: DATABASES to improve business relationships and drive sales growth. History of Databases  Mobile Notifications: Alerts that keep users  The evolution of databases began with connected to their data and contacts across manual record-keeping methods like journals devices. and filing cabinets.  The 1960s saw the emergence of ADDITIONAL APPLICATION OF CLOUDE computerized databases with systems like COMPUTING: the Integrated Data Store (IDS) and Information Management System (IMS). o Collaboration Tools: Cloud-based  Early database models included hierarchical platforms facilitate seamless collaboration among remote teams. (tree-like structure) and network (graph structure) models. Examples: Google Workspace, Microsoft 365.  The 1970s brought a significant shift with the o Enterprise Resource Planning introduction of the relational database model (ERP) Systems: Cloud-based ERP by E.F. Codd. This model organized data into tables linked by relationships and introduced systems provide centralized Structured Query Language (SQL) for management of core business efficient data querying. processes. Examples: SAP, Oracle ERP Cloud.  The 1980s witnessed the widespread adoption of relational databases and SQL as the standard. Object-oriented Database CONCERNS ABOUT CLOUD: Management Systems (OODBMS) also emerged, integrating programming o Data Breaches and Privacy concepts. Concerns: Shared online spaces can attract hackers, potentially  The rise of the World Wide Web in the 1990s leading to data breaches and privacy led to the development of client-server violations. Data storage in different databases and the launch of MySQL. The countries can create challenges in term NoSQL appeared in 1998 , complying with privacy laws. paving the way for databases handling unstructured data. o Control and Transparency Issues: Users rely on cloud providers for  The 2010s focused on managing big data, security settings and data protection. utilizing distributed databases, and Lack of transparency from providers implementing regulations like General Data regarding security measures can Protection Regulation (GDPR) for data create uncertainty. Misconfigurations privacy. Automation tools simplified database can lead to data exposure, and interactions, leading to advancements in managing access control can be cloud computing, real-time processing, and difficult. AI analytics. another table, enabling connections between related data in different tables. Database Concepts  Database Relationships: Define how tables  Data: Represents raw, unprocessed facts connect within a relational database. and figures. It exists independently of its storage medium, such as flash drives, books,  Types of Database Relationships: spreadsheets, or databases. o One-to-One: One record in a table  Database: An organized collection of data matches one record in another table. used for storage, retrieval, reporting, o One-to-Many: One record in Table A analysis, and generating meaningful links to multiple records in Table B, insights. but each record in Table B links back  Relational Database Management System to only one record in Table A. (RDBMS): A database program designed to o Many-to-Many: One record in either manage complex relationships between table can link to multiple records in different data types. Examples include the other table. Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Sybase, IBM DB2, and Microsoft Access.  Database Schema: A logical representation  Structured Query Language (SQL): The of the entire database, specifying data organization and table relationships. standard language for creating, interacting with, and manipulating databases.  Database Forms: User-friendly interfaces  Open Database Connectivity (ODBC): A facilitating data entry by displaying only the required fields for specific tasks. programming interface standard for accessing various databases.  Database Queries: Commands retrieving  Java Database Connectivity (JDBC): A specific data from tables based on defined criteria. standard for accessing Oracle databases running on the Java platform. Databases on the Web  Application Programming Interface (API):  Prevalence of Databases on the Internet: A set of programming building blocks Databases are widely used on the internet defining how software components should due to their adaptability, scalability, and interact. ability to store and retrieve vast amounts of  Table: Data in a database is structured into data. rows and columns within tables.  Website Interaction with Databases:  Metadata: Essential information about the Websites often connect to databases on the data within a database, often described as backend, retrieving and displaying "data about data." information without users directly interacting with the database.  Primary Key: A field or set of fields uniquely  Types of Web Pages: identifying each entry in a table. No two records can have identical primary keys. o Static: Display content that doesn't  Null: In a database, null signifies "unknown" change unless modified by the and is not equivalent to zero (0). developer. o Dynamic: Update content each time  Composite Key: A primary key consisting of they are loaded, responding to user multiple fields. interactions and retrieving  Foreign Key: A column or set of columns in information from databases. one table referencing the primary key in  Database-Powered Web Pages: Dynamic web pages frequently rely on databases to provide up-to-date information based on user  The number "523247" is used to distinguish requests and actions. this address from others with the same first initial and last name.  Web Queries: Requests for specific information from a database or server made Using the Email Program through a website, triggered by user actions  There are many email clients available; like searching or filtering. however, the sources focus on Gmail's web-  Web Forms: Online tools for entering based interface for this tutorial. information, which is then stored in a  Gmail is a popular web-based email database for various purposes like account service provided by Google. creation or online purchases.  Creating a Gmail account is easy, and no installation is necessary. GROUP 8: COMPREHENDING EMAIL,  You can access Gmail by browsing the CONTACTS & SCHEDULING Google website and then clicking the Gmail link, often located in the upper right corner. INTRODUCTION TO EMAIL  Electronic mail (e-mail) is a computer- GMAIL INBOX AND FEATURES based application allowing users to  The Gmail Inbox has three tabs: Main, exchange messages. Social, and Promotions.  E-mail is electronically equivalent to a  These tabs help to organize your incoming letter but offers greater flexibility and immediacy. messages.  Each tab displays the email items received,  Typically, an email is sent to the intended and Google tries to classify your recipient's inbox within seconds or minutes. incoming messages automatically.  Before you can use email, you must have an  You can make adjustments to Gmail's basic email address. settings, such as altering the display mode,  You can obtain an email address through applying themes, or accessing account your Internet Service Provider (ISP), school settings, by clicking the gear-shaped or company, or web-based services such as button. Gmail, Live Hotmail, iCloud, Zoho, or Yahoo!.  Labels are folders you can create to organize your messages. UNDERSTANDING EMAIL ADDRESSES  To see other labels, click the "Additional labels" link.  An example email address is [email protected].  This specific email address is associated CREATING NEW MESSAGES with someone at the University of Mindanao  Before you can send an email, you need an educational institution. active email account and the recipient's  Using your first initial followed by your last email address. name is a common company standard for  When composing a new message, there are mailbox identifiers. specific components:  In this example, the user's first name starts o Subject Line: This short text with "i" and their last name is "manoban." summarizes the email's purpose or main topic, appearing in the MANAGING EMAILS recipient's inbox before they open it.  You can validate your message using o Message Pane: This is the main area spell-check. for writing the email's content,  Spell-check is a tool that identifies and typically offering formatting tools. corrects spelling errors in written text and is o Signature: An optional block at the commonly found in email platforms, word end of the email containing your processors, and text editors. name, title, and contact information,  Spell-check may not catch context-based commonly used in professional errors (e.g. their vs there) and may flag communication. slang, proper nouns, or uncommon o Appendix/Attachment Items: words incorrectly. Toolbar options allow you to attach  After entering the recipient's address, files like photos, movies, or subject, and message content, click "Send." documents. Attachments are optional and can increase the email's size.  Email systems check for new messages  Once the "Send" button is clicked, the upon login, and new messages can be message is sent to the email server for delivered even if the user is not logged in. transmission.  Incoming messages are placed in the Inbox until they are moved or removed.  To see a message, click on it. USING CONTACTS/ADDRESS BOOK  To see another message, click the "Return  A contact directory is an email feature that to Inbox" button. acts as a directory for storing contact information like names and email addresses,  The response options "Reply" and helping users manage and quickly access "Forward" are displayed beneath the their contacts. message.  You can add contacts:  Clicking "Reply" sends a response to the sender, while "Reply to everyone" sends o Through the Contacts/Address a response to all recipients in the "To" Book: Navigate to the "Contacts" or and "Cc" fields. "Address Book" section and click the "Add Contact" button.  Clicking "Forward" sends a copy of the message to another recipient not listed in o From an Email: Open an email from the original email. the person you want to add, hover over their name, and click "Add to  Emails can be selected using a checkbox Contacts." for actions like deletion or moving.  To remove contacts:  The "Choose/Select" button allows bulk actions for managing emails. o Through the Contacts/Address Book: Go to the "Contacts" or  Emails vary in priority, and organizing them "Address Book" section, search for ensures effective communication. the contact, select it, and click the "Delete" or "Remove" option.  Some messages require immediate attention, while others may need to be o Bulk Deletion: Select multiple archived or followed up on later. contacts and click "Delete" to remove them in one action.  Folders and subfolders help to organize messages systematically.  New folders can be created using the "More o Spam Filters: Attachments or URLs labels" option. may trigger spam filters; follow up if needed.  Folders provide flexibility to arrange emails based on topics or priorities. o Malware Protection: Scan files for viruses before sending or opening.  Once labels or folders are created, messages can be moved by using the "Move TO ATTACH A FILE: to" button, dragging and dropping, or 1. Click "Attach files" in the toolbar. dragging emails into the desired label or 2. Navigate to the file, select it, and folder. click "Open." 3. Repeat for additional files, if needed. USING SIGNATURES To remove attachments, click the "X" beside the  A signature is a block of text automatically file name. added to the end of emails, saving the effort of manually entering details like your name Viewing Attachments and contact information.  When a message has an attachment, Gmail  Use formal details (name, title, company, shows a paperclip to the right of the contact info) for business accounts. Subject heading.  For personal accounts, you can choose a  When you open the message, the more informal tone and use a nickname. attachment icon (a paperclip) will also appear at the top of the message.  To create or modify a signature:  Steps to View and Manage Attachments: 1. Go to "Settings," then scroll to the "Signature" section. 1. Open the email to view the attachment. 2. Enter your text (e.g., name, title, contact info). 2. Options: 3. Format and adjust placement (e.g.,  Download the file. above quoted text).  Save to Drive for storage. 4. Click "Save Changes."  Open in Google Docs for editing. EMPLOYING ATTACHMENTS  Always scan downloaded files for viruses.  Attaching files to your email allows you to exchange information.  Key Considerations: HANDLING SPAM o File Size: Stay under 20-25MB  Spam refers to unsolicited email (email size limits may vary). communications frequently promoting products or services or expressing o Alternatives: Use links for large files. political/religious opinions. Spam is also o Attachment Type: Ensure recipients known as junk mail. can open it; some servers block  Individuals or organizations who send spam certain types. are known as spammers. o Security: Use secure methods (e.g.,  Spammers buy email lists from marketing postal mail) for sensitive documents. companies, but legitimate businesses typically request your consent to share your  To archive messages: email with related services. 1. Select the message(s).  Always review a website's privacy policy 2. Click "Archive" to move them to "All before providing your email or creating an Mail." account.  Key Points about Archiving:  Most email apps have built-in filters to block spam, and ISPs use spam filters on o Archived emails are stored under "All their servers to prevent common spam. Mail."  You can also install anti-spam apps to o Messages aren't deleted, even when further protect your inbox. storage is full.  To avoid receiving spam: o Evaluate if the message should be o Don't allow your email to be added to archived, labeled, or deleted. marketing lists.  To delete messages: o Always check privacy policies before 1. Select the message(s). sharing your email. 2. Click "Trash." o Create a secondary email account for inquiries, separating spam from  To permanently delete messages: important messages. 1. Go to "Trash." o Never reply to unsolicited emails. 2. Select the message(s) and click o Avoid signing up for public mailing "Delete forever." lists or giving your email on forums; 3. To delete all items in Trash, click use aliases when necessary. "Empty Trash now." o Use proper email subject lines to  Notes about Deleting Messages: prevent your messages from being flagged as spam. o Trashed emails are auto-deleted after 30 days. o You may also receive spam via text— reply with "STOP" to opt out. o Permanently deleted messages cannot be recovered.  You can use the "Report Spam" button in Gmail to report a particular message as spam or junk mail. USING CONTACTS  This will add the sender to the list of  Your contacts are the individuals with whom blacklisted email addresses. you communicate.  Selecting the message and clicking the  Contacts in Gmail are managed through a "Report Spam" button will move it to the window called "Contacts Preview." Spam folder.  To access "Contacts Preview," click the Gmail link, followed by "Contacts." ARCHIVING AND DELETING MESSAGES  You can also click the "Google  You can archive your old messages to retain applications" button, then select "More" > them while also maintaining an ordered "Contacts." Inbox.  If using the older interface, click "Trial  Archived messages are transferred from the Contacts." Inbox to a distinct folder.  The "All Contacts" list has two groups: IMPORTING CONTACT LISTS o Contacts who have emailed you or  Most desktop email clients allow you to received messages from you. import contact lists made in other programs. o Contacts you've manually added or modified, including those updated by  Typical Process: syncing with a mobile device. o Export your contacts from the original  To manually add a contact: software to a CSV or vCard file. 1. Click "Add new contact." o Import it into the new program. 2. Enter the contact's name, then click "Create."  Another way is to use importation links for contacts from other web-based accounts. 3. Input the relevant information and then click "Save."  Importing a contact list into your Gmail account: 4. You can also add an email address from an open message to your Contacts list. In the pop-up box 1. Log on to your Google Gmail account. that appears, point to the email address and click 2. Click "Gmail" > "Contacts." the "Add to contacts" link. 3. Click "More" > "Import." 5. To find a contact, type the name in the "Search for anyone" field located above the list of 4. Under "Import Contacts," click "Browse." contacts. 5. Select the file you exported from other sources and click "Import." ADDRESS GUIDES  A contact list generally refers to a collection USING THE GOOGLE CALENDAR of names and associated information, such as phone numbers, email addresses, and  An appointment is typically a one-on-one sometimes social media profiles. activity, such as a lunch date, dental appointment, or personal engagement.  An address book is a central repository for the contact information of an entire  A scheduled appointment occupies time on organization. your calendar.  Email Servers for address books include  A meeting is an appointment to which others Microsoft Exchange and Exchange are invited and may require the reservation Online. of resources such as rooms or audio-visual equipment.  Firms often use Microsoft Exchange, Exchange Online, or other locally controlled  There are three ways to enter an email servers that provide an employee- appointment: accessible global contact book. o To create an appointment quickly,  Address books contain individual contact click the arrow next to "Create" to entries and company-defined distribution enable the "Quick Add" option. groups. o The second quick technique involves  The network administrator creates and clicking the appointment's start time maintains address books. on the day of the appointment, then Gmail shows a form for you to complete. o To enter details when creating an appointment, click "Create" to access the "New Message details"  The shared calendar will be a different color screen (also known as the "Edit" than your own, allowing you to distinguish screen). between the two.  To set up repeating appointments:  Permissions granted to you at the time the calendar was shared determine how much 1. On your computer, open Google Calendar. appointment information you can view and if 2. In the top left, click "Create." you can make changes. 3. Add the event title and any other details.  Click the arrow next to the person's calendar and then click "Hide this calendar from the 4. Next to "Does not repeat," click the "Down list" if you decide you don't want to view their arrow." calendar but don't want to delete it. 5. Choose how often you want the event to repeat, and when you want the repeating event to end. 6. At the top right, click "Save." REGISTERING FOR A CALENDAR  You may subscribe to several online Using Several Calendars calendars.  To share a calendar, expand the "My  For example, you may subscribe to the Calendars" list and click the arrow to the "Holidays in Australia" calendar. right of your name.  If a website for a product or service you like  You have the option of making your calendar provides the option to subscribe to their public. calendar, you can subscribe by following  When your calendar is public, it is uploaded their instructions. to the internet, and you can share the  Depending on where you are geographically, calendar's URL or embed it on a web page. the Calendar presents various alternatives.  You can choose to share your calendar with  For example, if you click the down arrow next only specific individuals. to "My Calendars" and then select  In the field labeled "Share with specific "Settings," you can access a link that allows people," enter their email addresses. you to subscribe to other calendars.  You can select the permission type you want others to have with your calendar.  You can restrict the type of information GROUP 9: YOUR ONLINE LIFE that people can view on your calendar.  If another user (let's say a coworker) agrees to share his calendar with you, you will Online Presence and Behavior Reviewer receive an email notification.  Online Behavior encompasses how  Google connects the shared calendar to your individuals act, interact, and communicate in Google Calendar account immediately. digital environments. It includes actions on social platforms, gaming communities, and  To view the shared calendar: the internet in general. Online behavior o Click the "See Your Calendar" link in considers how people present themselves, the email message. share information, and interact with others.  The shared calendar's name appears in the  Cyberbullying is a negative online "Other calendars" section. behavior that uses digital platforms and technology to harass, intimidate, embarrass, o Create and maintain professional or harm someone. It's pervasive and profiles on platforms like LinkedIn. relentless in the online world, often making it o Avoid posting potentially damaging difficult to escape. content.  Cyberbullying can take various forms, o Use platforms like Twitter and blogs including: to share positive and professional o Posing online danger insights. o Using hate speech on social media or o Always think before posting to ensure in text messages it reflects well on you. o Spreading rumors  Some individuals choose to maintain separate personal and professional online o Making cruel remarks identities, while others prefer to blend them. o Capturing and distributing Regardless of your approach, it is important embarrassing images without to recognize the impact your online activities consent have on others and manage your online presence responsibly. o Sending hurtful messages  You can proactively build a positive online o Public shaming. identity through:  Digital identity is comprised of all online- o Sharing thoughtful content accessible information about you, including profiles, posts, uploads, and interactions. It o Engaging in professional discussions represents your online presence and o Showcasing your contributions to the influences how others perceive you. community  Digital footprints are traces of your online  If negative content exists, you can either: activities like posts, likes, and shares. They are permanent, searchable records that o Bury it with positive material reveal aspects of your personality. While the internet offers valuable communication tools, o Seek professional help from services the permanence of digital footprints can like Reputation.com. have both positive and negative consequences. GROUP 10: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  Shared online content, including posts, emails, and images, can be distributed and  Industry 1.0 began in England around 1760, saved by others, removing it from your marking a shift from handcraft to machine- control. This content can resurface and based manufacturing. This revolution utilized potentially harm your reputation, steam engines for mass production by emphasizing the importance of mindful machines. It spread to America in the late digital behavior. 1700s, impacting various industries, including mining, textile, agriculture, and  Your digital identity shapes your personal glass. brand and influences employers, school admissions, and even relationships. People  Industry 2.0, spanning from 1871 to 1914, evaluate your character based on online was characterized by significant economic content, making it crucial to curate a positive expansion and technological advancements. and professional image. This era saw the rise of mass production techniques, assembly lines, and  To effectively manage your online presence: advancements in technology, including digital logic, integrated circuits, computers, and the internet. Industry 2.0 focused on o Improved integration of robots automation and computerization. working alongside humans  Industry 3.0 began in the 1970s, focusing on o Deeper integration of artificial the digitalization of technology. It leveraged intelligence for smarter, autonomous automation, IT systems, and the integration decision-making of cutting-edge technologies like artificial o Increased focus on sustainability intelligence, the internet of things, robots, 3D printing, and cloud computing. through eco-friendly production and renewable energy  Industry 4.0 builds upon the previous o Personalization of products and generation's technology and focuses on intelligent and efficient machines. It involves services using AI and 3D printing collaboration between humans and o Continuous training to keep the intelligent machines to enhance workforce updated with new manufacturing efficiency. technologies  Industry 5.0 is considered the next step in the smart factory evolution, where robots and humans communicate. This era emphasizes the collaboration between humans and machines to enhance manufacturing efficiency. Industry 5.0 aims to increase the means and efficacy of industrial goods production. It prioritizes human-centric, sustainable, and resilient ideals. Industry 5.0 signifies a shift where humans are placed at the core of industrial processes. This revolution promotes the development of personalized, intelligent implants that adapt to patients' evolving needs.  The technologies driving Industry 5.0 include artificial intelligence, cognitive computing, cloud computing, blockchain, big data analytics, IoT, and 6G networks. Industry 5.0 is transforming various industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, textile, education, and food. Repsol and Bundesgartenschau are two examples of companies implementing Industry 5.0 principles.  Industry 5.0 faces several challenges: o Workforce adaptation to operate in technology-driven environments o Cybersecurity vulnerabilities due to increased reliance on digital systems o High implementation costs, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs)  Future directions for Industry 5.0 include:

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