Islamic Medicine PDF

Islamic Medicine Cemal Hüseyin Güvercin MD, MedSpec, PhD, Assoc Prof Dep. of History of Medicine and Ethics  Islamic Medicine Islamic medicine built upon the legacies of Greek and Roman physicians and scholars, including Galen, Hippocrates, and the Greek scholars of Al...

Islamic Medicine Cemal Hüseyin Güvercin MD, MedSpec, PhD, Assoc Prof Dep. of History of Medicine and Ethics  Islamic Medicine Islamic medicine built upon the legacies of Greek and Roman physicians and scholars, including Galen, Hippocrates, and the Greek scholars of Alexandria and Egypt. Scholars translated medical literature from Greek and Roman into Arabic and then elaborated upon it, adding their findings, developing new conclusions, and contributing new perspectives. 10.12.2024 Islamic Medicine 10.12.2024 Islamic Medicine Islamic scholars expertly gathered data and ordered it so that people could easily understand and reference information through various texts. They also summarized many Greek and Roman writings, compiling encyclopedias. 10.12.2024 Islamic Medicine Islamic doctors and scholars wrote extensively, developing complex literature on medication, clinical practice, diseases, cures, treatments, and diagnoses. Often, in these medical texts, they incorporated theories relating to natural science, astrology, alchemy, religion, philosophy, and mathematics. 10.12.2024 Islamic Medicine In fact, Western doctors first learned of Greek medicine, including the works of Hippocrates and Galen, by reading Arabic translations. Medicine was part of medieval Islamic culture. Centers of learning grew out of famous mosques, and hospitals were often added at the same site. There, medical students could observe and learn from more experienced doctors. 10.12.2024 Bloodletting was a common practice 10.12.2024 Discourses of the Prophet of Islam The Prophet said, "There is no disease that Allah has created, except that He also has created its treatment «…They asked: Messenger of Allah, should we make use of medical treatment? He replied: Make use of medical treatment, for Allah has not made a disease without appointing a remedy for it, with the exception of one disease, namely old age…» «The one who sent down the disease sent down the remedy» 10.12.2024  Islamic Medicine From 661 to 750 C.E., during the Umayyad dynasty, people generally believed that God would provide treatment for every illness. By 900 C.E., many medieval Islamic communities had begun to develop and practice medical systems with scientific elements. As interest in a scientific view of health grew, doctors searched for causes of illness and possible treatments and cures. 10.12.2024 Islamic Medicine The medieval Islamic world produced some of the greatest medical thinkers in history. They made advances in surgery, built hospitals, and welcomed women into the medical profession. 10.12.2024 Islamic Medicine Traditional Arabian medicine of the Prophet's time Ancient Hellenic (Greek-Roman) medicine = Unani Ancient Indian medicine = Ayurveda Ancient Iranian medicine 10.12.2024  Evolution of Islamic Medicine The first phase in which foreign sources were translated into Arabic. 7.-8. centuries The second phase in which Muslim physicians made unique contributions and achievements to medicine. 9.-13. centuries In this phase, as in other fields of science, medicine is the third phase where there is a pause and a regression. after the 13th centuries. 10.12.2024 Islamic Medicine It is accepted that the first Muslim physician was Haris bin Kelede (Kaladan), the husband of the prophet's aunt. According to the rumor, Kelede went to Cundishapur (Iran) to learn and research the art of medicine with the encouragement of the prophet. 10.12.2024 Islamic Medicine The first physicians in the Islamic geography were Christian, Jewish or Iranian. With Arabic becoming the language of science and medicine, the number of Arab Muslim physicians has increased. 10.12.2024 Middle Ages / Middle East In 431, Nestorius and his supporters were expelled from Constantinople and settled first in Urfa and then in Cundishapur. Age of Cahilliyye, Islamic period after Muhammad (610-632) Further expansion of the borders of the Islamic state over time and communication with new cultures. 10.12.2024 Middle Ages / Middle East Caliphs are supporters of science There is Greek influence in science and thought The scientists who escaped from the pressure of the period in Europe took refuge in the Islamic geography 10.12.2024 Middle Ages / Middle East Benefiting from artifacts created by previous civilizations Great leap forward in the fields of science and philosophy by embarking on an intensive translation activity First, they tried to understand this ready- made knowledge and then to develop it 10.12.2024  Mesha/ Peripatetic School Mesha = walking. The Arabic term for peripateticism The philosophical trend in Islamic philosophy in which the understanding of Aristotelianism is dominant The rationalist philosophy trend, which started after the influence of natural philosophy in Islamic philosophy, became systematic. Al Farabi-Ibn Sina-Ibn Rushd-Al Kindi 10.12.2024 Peripatetic School Farabi-Ibn Sina-Ibn Rushd-Al Kindi Islamic Medicine Translation Period (AD 750 – 900) Philosophers Translators Aristotle, Hippocrates, Al-Kindi (Al-Kindy), Galen, Dioscorides, Jibrail Bahtishu, Yahya Oribasius, ibn Masuye, Ciorcis, Rufus of Ephesus, Hunay bin Ishaq, Soranus, Alaksander, Hubaysh, Farabi, Ishaq Paul of Aegina,  Cundishapur School Nestorians expelled from Urfa in 489 and Neoplatonic philosophers expelled from Athens in 529 settled in Cundishapur. Thus, Christian, Syrian, Indian, Greek and Iranian scholars gathered here. It became a large science center where philosophy, medicine and other sciences are taught. The works of Aristotle and Plato, the Indian classics Kelile and Dimna were translated into Persian here. 10.12.2024  Islamic Medicine The first hospital was established in Baghdad by Harun Reşid in 800 Between the years 900-1200, many hospitals and madrasahs were established for medical education In 931, during the Caliph Mighty period, medicine became a profession obtained by examination and pharmacy was separated from medicine 10.12.2024  Al-Razi The Persian physician, chemist, alchemist, scholar and,philosopher, Al-Razi lived from 865 to 925 C.E. 10.12.2024  Al-Razi He was the first to distinguish measles from smallpox, and he discovered the chemical kerosene and several other compounds. He became the chief physician of the Baghdad and Rayy hospitals. 10.12.2024 Al-Razi As an author, al-Razi was prolific, penning more than 200 scientific books and articles. He also believed in experimental medicine. Known as the “father of pediatrics,” al-Razi wrote “The Diseases of Children,” likely the first text to distinguish pediatrics as a separate field of medicine 10.12.2024 Al-Razi He also pioneered ophthalmology and was the first doctor to write about immunology and allergy. Records suggest that al-Razi discovered allergic asthma, and he was the first to identify a fever as a defense mechanism against disease and infection. 10.12.2024 Al-Razi “The doctor’s aim is to do good, even to our enemies, so much more to our friends, and my profession forbids us to do harm to our kindred, as it is instituted for the benefit and welfare of the human race, and God imposed on physicians the oath not to compose mortiferous remedies.” 10.12.2024 Resources Erdemir, Ayşegül Demirhan. Lectures on medical history and medicine. 1995 İbniSina https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-sina https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ Arda B, Oğuz Y, Pelin SŞ. Deontoloji. Anakara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Antıp yayınları, Ankara, 1999. Sarı N., Altıntaş A., Tıp Tarihi Ve Tıp Etiği Ders Kitabı, Cerrahpaşa Tıp, İstanbul, 2007 Bayat A.H., Tıp Tarihi, İzmir, 2003 10.12.2024