ISB 204 Spring 2025 Exam 1 Review PDF

Given an experimental description, be able to analyze, explain, interpret, and chart/graph data, results, and formulate conclusions List and explain the characteristics of living organisms. Compare and contrast the three domains of living organisms: - archaea - bacteria - eukarya Describ...

Given an experimental description, be able to analyze, explain, interpret, and chart/graph data, results, and formulate conclusions List and explain the characteristics of living organisms. Compare and contrast the three domains of living organisms: - archaea - bacteria - eukarya Describe the scientific method - Explain the terms hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, and theory - Given an experimental hypothesis, be able to design an experiment with the proper controls. Understand what a positive control and what a negative control is and why are they needed for an experiment - An atom is the smallest part of an element that retains the characteristics of that element. - The nucleus of an atom contains the protons and neutrons - The number of electrons in an atom are equal to the number of protons - The atomic number is equal to the number of protons - The mass number (also called: mass weight, atomic weight, atomic mass) is equal to the number of protons and neutrons. - You should be able to determine the type of information that is found in - An isotope is an atom that has the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons. It is the same element. - The octet rule specifies that an atom forms bonds with other atoms to try and achieve a stable shell of 8 outer electrons - An ionic bond forms between two ions. It is formed by the attraction of the positive and negative charges. - In a covalent bond, atoms are held together by the sharing of electrons - Be able to compare and contrast a nonpolar covalent bond and polar covalent bond. - Understand the characteristics of water - Specific heat, heat of vaporization, heat of fusion - Why does ice float? - Describe and diagram how water molecules form hydrogen bonds. - Understand role of carbon and its characteristics - Functional Groups - Understand the purpose of the functional groups - Recognize the structure of the various functional groups - Carbohydrates - Describe the function of carbohydrates - Recognize and the general structure of the glucose molecule - Differentiate between mono-, di-, and polysaccharide - Lipids - Recognize the structure of a fatty acid and glycerol - Recognize and describe how glycerol and three fatty acids form a triglyceride - Compare and contrast a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid and effects on health - Understand the structure of a *trans*-fat and a *cis*-fat and effects on health - Understand the structure of a phospholipid. Describe a lipid bilayer - Describe/understand the structure of the cholesterol molecule and what types of molecules are formed by the steroid backbone. - Understand positive and negative effects of steroids - Proteins - Describe several different functions of proteins - Recognize an amino acid - Understand the different characteristics of *R*-groups - Describe/diagram the formation of a peptide bond - Describe primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure - Describe the bonds involved in secondary structure - Describe the type of interactions that are involved in tertiary structure - Hydrophobic - Hydrophilic - Disulfide