IS_prelim-notes.pdf

INFORMATION SYSTEMS Frameworks of IS Information System 5 components of IS A collection of hardware, software, data,  Hardware procedures, and people that work together to  Software provide information necessary...

INFORMATION SYSTEMS Frameworks of IS Information System 5 components of IS A collection of hardware, software, data,  Hardware procedures, and people that work together to  Software provide information necessary for the  Data functioning of an organization.  Procedures  People Encompasses a wide range of technologies and processes that manage and manipulate Hardware data into meaningful information for various Physical devices like computers, servers, and users. networking equipment. Data vs. Information Software Data Programs and applications that enable data Refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures processing and manipulation. without any context or meaning. Data Information Raw facts and figures that serve as the Processed, organized, or structured data that foundation for information. has been given context and meaning, making it useful for decision-making or understanding. Procedures Information System vs. Information Sets of instructions or protocols for handling Technology data and making decisions. IT is a critical component of an IS but is not the People entirety of it. Users, analysts, developers, and other IS incorporates IT along with people, processes, personnel involved in Is lifestyle. and data to achieve organizational goals. Information Systems Pyramid Attributes of IS  Accuracy  Relevance  Timeliness  Completeness  Reliability Accuracy Information should be free form errors and should reflect reality as closely as possible. Relevance Strategic Information System Information should be pertinent to the task or decision at hand. Play an integral role in an organization’s strategic planning, allowing it to gain a Timeliness competitive advantage by effectively aggregating, processing, and managing data Information should be available when to inform decision-making. needed, with current and up-to-date data. Computer Resources Completeness Serve as the backbone of information systems, Information should be comprehensive, enabling organizations to process data, make providing all necessary data without missing informed decisions, and optimize operations. any critical components. Components and Elements of Computer Reliability Resources Information should be trustworthy, consistent,  Hardware and dependable. It should come from  Software credible sources and be verified for accuracy.  Network  Data Storage Hardware Played a vital role in early information systems Comprises physical devices such as central for tasks like accounting and inventory processing units (CPUs), memory, storage management. devices, input/output peripherals, and network Personal Computers (PCs) equipment. Decentralized computing, empowering *Different types of hardware serve specific individual users. functions within an organization's information systems.* Facilitated personal productivity and led to the development of client-server architectures. Software *The importance of desktop applications and Encompasses operating systems, application graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in information software, and middleware that enable systems.* hardware components to work together. Servers *Distinguishing between system software (e.g., OS) and application software (e.g., word Evolved to support networked computing processing, CRM) is essential.* environments. *The role of software in managing hardware *Discussion on file servers, application servers, resources and facilitating information web servers, and their roles in modern processing is explored.* information systems.* Middleware *Emphasis on scalability and redundancy in server architectures.* Software that lies between an operating system and the applications running on it. Cloud Computing Network Resources are accessed remotely via the internet. Including LANS (local area networks) and WANS (wide area networks), connect Advantages: scalability, cost-effectiveness, hardware components and enable data and reduced IT infrastructure management. exchange. Significance of Computer Resources in *Understanding network protocols, topologies, Information Systems and security measures is crucial.* The critical role of computer resources in *Modern advancements like wireless networks information systems for data processing, and the internet of things (IOT) impact decision-making, and communication. information systems. The impact of resource allocation and Data Storage management on the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization's operations. Store and manage the vast amount of data used by organizations. Parallel Computing *Types of storage devices (e.g., hard drives, A computational approach where multiple SSDs), databases, and data storage tasks or processes are executed concurrently, technologies are discussed. with the aim of achieving improved *Emphasis on data security, redundancy, and computational performance and efficiency. scalability in data storage solutions.* *Sequential computing faces limitations in processing speed and scalability, driving the Evolution of Computer Resources need for parallelism.*  Mainframes  Personal Computers (PCs) Types of Parallelism  Servers  Task Parallelism  Cloud Computing  Data Parallelism Mainframes Task Parallelism The initial computing resources used for large- Dividing a problem into smaller tasks that can scale data processing. be executed simultaneously. Characterized by high processing power, reliability, and centralized control. Data Parallelism Shared Memory Parallelism Processing multiple data elements Thread-Based Programming concurrently. Threads within a single process share memory, allowing for shared data structures and Multi-core Processors communication.  Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)  Asymmetric Multiprocessing (AMP) OpenMP Shared Memory A directive-based API simplifying the creation ofmulti-threaded applications. Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) Message Passing Two or more identical processors are MPI (Message Passing Interface) connected to a single, shared main memory, have full access to all input and output Facilitates communication among distributed devices, and are controlled by a single processes via message passing, common in operating system. high-performance computing (HPC) and cluster computing. Distributed Memory Data Parallelism Asymmetric Multiprocessing (AMP) SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) Not all of the multiple interconnected central processing units (CPUs) are treated equally. Executes the same operation on multiple data elements simultaneously. Only a master processor runs the tasks of the operating system. GPU Computing Benefits of Multi-Core Processors Leveraging Graphics Processing Units (GPU) for data-parallel workloads using frameworks like Enhanced Performance CUDA and OpenCL. Energy Efficiency Relevance in Today's Computing Enhanced Performance Landscape Execution of multiple threads or processes in 1. Scientific and High-Performance parallel leads to improved performance. Computing (HPC) Energy Efficiency Parallelism is essential for complex simulations, scientific research, and weather forecasting. Better performance per watt, reducing power consumption. 2. Big Data Analytics Challenges Parallel processing accelerates data analysis, enabling real-time decision-making in analytics Parallel Programming Complexity and data-driven industries. Amdahl's Law 3. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Parallel Programming Complexity Learning Developing software that efficiently utilizes Training large AI models benefits from multiple cores requires expertise in parallel parallelism, reducing training times and programming. enabling faster insights. Amdahl's Law 4. Gaming and Graphics Highlights potential bottlenecks in Multi-core processors and GPUs power parallelization. immersive gaming experiences and complex Parallel Programming Techniques 3D rendering. 1. Shared Memory Parallelism 5. Web Services and Cloud Computing 2. Message Passing Scalable, parallelized services are vital for 3. Data Parallelism meeting the demands of cloud-based applications and web services. 1. Computer Resources as Enabler of 2.2. Internet of Things (IoT) Organizations Processes and Decision Smart Manufacturing: IoT sensors in Making manufacturing enable predictive Enable automation, data management, and maintenance, reducing downtime and communication. enhancing productivity. 1.1. Supporting Organizations Processes Supply Chain Optimization: Real-time data from lot devices helps track products, reduce Operations Management: ERP (Enterprise costs, and improve inventory management. Resource Planning) system, automated production lines, and data analysis tools Smart Cities: lot systems enhance urban living enhance operational efficiency. through smart infrastructure, energy efficiency. and real-time traffic monitoring. Communication: Cloud services and collaboration platforms (like Slack, MS Teams) 2.3. Edge Computing allows seamless information sharing. Reduced Latency: Edge computing enables Customer Relationship Management (CRM): faster data processing by reducing the time it Manage customer interactions, improve takes to transmit data to a central server. service delivery, and faster long-term customer Security: By decentralizing data, edge relationship. computing enhances security, particularly in 1.2. Facilitating Decision-Making sensitive industries like healthcare and finance. Data Analytics: Computer resources provide Scalability: Companies can scale operations access to real-time data, enabling more more efficiently by integrating edge informed and timely decision-making. computing into their networks. Business Intelligence (BI): Tools like Power BI or 3. Developing a Forward-looking Strategy Tableau help organizations convert data into for Harnessing Emerging Technology actionable insights. 3.1. Strategic Integration of Al Predictive Analytics: Forecasting tools and Al- Al-driven Decision Support Systems: Invest in Al powered algorithms help decision-makers to enhance predictive analytics and decision- anticipate future trends and customer needs. making frameworks. 1.3. Driving Strategic Initiatives Al in Customer Interactions: Deploy chatbots and Al- driven virtual assistants to improve Digital Transaction: Leveraging cloud customer service efficiency. computing and digital tools helps businesses stay competitive. Al in Operations: Automate repetitive tasks to streamline workflows and improve operational Innovation: Computer resources support R&D efficiency. through simulation, 3D modeling, and prototyping. 3.2. IoT-Enabled Connectivity Globalization: Cloud-based systems enable lot in Supply Chain: Implement lot sensors for companies to operate across borders with real-time tracking and inventory shared resources and global collaboration. management, reducing waste and increasing SC transparency. 2. Current Trends and Emerging Technologies Impacting Computer Smart Workplace: Use lot devices to monitor Resources and manage energy usage, workspace utilization, and employee productivity. 2.1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Automation: Al enhances process automation, 3.3. Leveraging Edge Computing from robotic process automation (RPA) in Hybrid Cloud-Edge Architectures: Create business operations to machine learning systems that blend cloud and edge algorithm that optimize supply chains. computing for faster processing and increased Data Analysis: Al-driven analytics tools can scalability. detect patterns in large datasets, enabling Data Security Protocols: Integrate edge faster and more accurate decision-making. computing to protect sensitive data through Personalization: In marketing, AI tailors content decentralized systems. and recommendations to individual users, improving customer experience. Emerging Technologies and their Impact Enhance Operational Efficency: By automating routine tasks and optimizing resource allocation, organizations can reduce costs and improve productivity. Improve by Customer Insights: Advance analytics provide a deeper understarding of customer’s needs and preferences allowing… Facilitate Agile Decision Making: